{"data":{"Sivorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sivorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sivorthis Jaanusson & BASSETT, 1993, p. 45","Type_species":"S. filistera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costellate and capillate with strong fila, long ventral interarea, ventral muscle scar subcordate with shallow median groove, brachiophores short, quadripartite adductor scar with larger posterior pair, ventral vascula media parallel proximally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn), Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 525, 1a-g. *S. filistera, Caradoc, Sweden, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, X3, d, details of ornament, x8_mathbf8, e, ventral interior, X3, f, g, dorsal interior, exterior, X3 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 525. orthidae (p. 727).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-760.jpg?height=1295&width=1287&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulevorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sulevorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulevorthis Jaanusson & BASSETT, 1993, p. 37","Type_species":"Orthis lyckholmiensis WYSOG\u00d3RSKI, 1900, p. 231, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely semioval with variable cardinal extremities, costate with strong fila, short, flat interareas, cardinal process differentiated into shaft and crenulated crest, divergent brachiophores bladelike, sockets deep and rounded, delineated anterolaterally by raised ridges simulating fulcral plates, ventral vascula media divergent, dorsal mantle canal system apocapate, radially arranged exopunctae along sides of costae.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 526, 1a-e. * S. lyckholmiensis (Wysog\u00f3rski), Ashgill, Estonia, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, X3, d, details of ornament, X_12, e, ventral interior, X3 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 526, 1f. S. sp. cf. S. lyckholmiensis, Ashgill, Sweden, dorsal interior, X5 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993, \nJaanusson & Bassett, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 526. orthidae (p. 727-728).\nfig. 526. orthidae (p. 727-728).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-761.jpg?height=1302&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-761.jpg?height=1302&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligomys":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Bohemiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oligomys","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligomys Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 243","Type_species":"Orthis exporrecta LINNARSSON, 1876, p. 12, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, variably planoconvex, costellate, capillate, small wide teeth with rudimentary dental plates, ventral adductor track linear, expanding anteriorly and extending beyond flanking diductor scars, simple cardinal process, short, widely divergent brachiophores","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 529, 3a, b. *O. exporrectus (Linnarsson), Middle Cambrian, Sweden, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.5, b, dorsal interior, x2.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 529. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-765.jpg?height=1240&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eridorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eridorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eridorthis FOERSTE, 1909b, p. 223","Type_species":"Plectorthis (Eridorthis) nicklesi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glyptorthis but uniplicate with dorsal median sulcus replaced by fold in adult shells, obtuse cardinal extremities, long curved ventral interarea and apsacline dorsal interarea, ventral muscle scar supported by callus, adductor track relatively narrow, expanding anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia, central Asia, North Africa, Australia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 530, 2a. *E. nicklesi (Foerste), Caradoc, Kentucky, ventral exterior, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), Fig. 530, 2b. E. rogerensis Foerste, Caradoc, Kentucky, dorsal exterior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 530. glyptorthidae (p. 733-736).\nfig. 530. glyptorthidae (p. 733-736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-766.jpg?height=1462&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-766.jpg?height=1462&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Flabellitesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Flabellitesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Flabellitesia ZHANG, 1989a, p. 56","Type_species":"Hesperorthis kessei Boucot, Johnson, & ZHANG, 1988, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hesperorthis but dorsibiconvex to resupinate, shallowly unisulcate, sporadically developed capillae, delthyrium open, dorsal interarea narrow","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 535, 4a-d. *F. kessei (Boucot, Johnson, & Zhang), Wenlock, Baillie Hamilton Island, a, b, interior, exterior of ventral valve, x2, c, d, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x2 (Zhang, 1989a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 535. hesperorthidae (p. 740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-773.jpg?height=1847&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Archaeorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Archaeorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Archaeorthis Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 243","Type_species":"Orthis electra BILLINGS, 1865 in 1861-1865, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular with obtuse cardinal extremities, multicostellate, elongately oval ventral muscle scar impressed on callosity prolonged forward of scar as wide, median ridge, cardinal process absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"North America, Europe, South America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 537, 2a. *A. electra (Billings), Tremadoc, Quebec, dorsal interior, x4 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 537, 2b-d. A. biconvexa, Tremadoc, Oklahoma, b, dorsal interior, X3, c, ventral interior, X3, d, ventral interior, X3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).\nfig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Austinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austinella FOERSTE, 1909b, p. 224","Type_species":"Orthis kankakensis McChesney, 1861, p. 77, SD BASSLER, 1915, p. 1002","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, unisulcate, ramicostellate with sporadic aditicules, strongly filate, ventral interarea long, curved, anacline, dorsal interarea short, plane, ventral muscle scar with thickened margin, dorsal adductor scar subequally quadripartite.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, northeastern and northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 540, 3a-d. A. whitfieldi (Winchell), Ashgill, Minnesota, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, dorsal interior, x1.5, c, d, ventral, dorsal exteriors, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 540. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-749).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-780.jpg?height=1671&width=1288&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nicolella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Productorthinae","Genus":"Nicolella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nicolella REED, 1917, p. 860","Type_species":"Orthis actoniae J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 639, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rectimarginate, lamellose, notothyrium closed by chilidial plates flanking simple, erect cardinal process, orthocline ventral interarea short, curved, anacline dorsal interarea very short, dental plates widely divergent, ventral muscle field subcordate, impressed on weak callist, diductor scars not enclosing adductor track, anterior dorsal adductor scars probably quadripartite, obscured by impressions of digitate to lemniscate mantle canal system, ventral mantle canal system saccate, slightly divergent vascula media divided anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, North America, northern Africa, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 544, 1 a-d .^* N. actoniae (Sowerby), Caradoc, Shropshire, England, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x1 . 5, ~ d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x1.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 544. productorthidae (p. 752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-786.jpg?height=1638&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Glossorthinae","Genus":"Glossorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossorthis \u00d6PIK, 1930, p. 82","Type_species":"G. tacens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, coarsely costellate, orthocline ventral interarea short, curved, anacline dorsal interarea, very short, flat, dental plates subparallel, pseudospondylium well developed and prolonged anteromedianly as tonguelike projection, pedicle callist not recorded, brachiophores moderately divergent, bladelike","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 545, 1a-d. *G. tacens, Caradoc, Estonia, a, b, ventral interior, exterior, x1 . 5, ~ c, d, dorsal interior, exterior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 545. productorthidae (p. 752-755).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-787.jpg?height=1570&width=1300&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apollonorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apollonorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apollonorthis MITCHELL, 1974, p. 392","Type_species":"A. lusitanica, OD, =Orthis bussacensis Sharpe in RIBEIRO, 1853, p. 152","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, ventribiconvex, gently unisulcate, ramicostellate with aditicules, filate, interareas planar, dental plates divergent, ventral muscle field subcordate, bounded by thickened ridges, with broad adductor track not enclosed anteriorly by diductor scars, undifferentiated cardinal process platelike, posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior pair.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"western Europe (Portugal, France)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 548, 1a-f. *A. bussacensis (Sharpe), Llanvirn, northwestern France, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X2, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X2, e, details of cardinalia, X6, f, rubber replica of dorsal exteriors, X2 (M\u00e9lou, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"M\u00e9lou, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 548. plectorthidae (p. 757-759).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-790.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brahimorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brahimorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brahimorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 29","Type_species":"B. antiqua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"ramicostellate and filate, lacking dental plates and cardinal process, small bilobed adductor muscle scars impressed on transverse ridge enclosing delthyrial cavity of ventral valve, with anterior tips of diductor scars possibly enclosing oval adductor track","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 555, 4a-c. *B. antiqua, Middle Cambrian, northern Africa, a, dorsal interior, x1.7, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, cersal exterior, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 555. eoorthidae (p. 766-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-799.jpg?height=1795&width=1284&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Euorthisina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Euorthisinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Euorthisina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Euorthisina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 16","Type_species":"Orthisina moesta BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 57, case I","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dental plates subparallel, septalium resting on thin dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Bolivia, southwestern China, northwestern China, eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 557, 1a-c. * E. moesta (Barrande), Llanvirn, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 2.4, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2.5, c, dorsal view of internal mold of conjoined valves, \u00d7 1.8 (Williams, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 557. euorthisinidae and finkelnburgiidae (p. 769-771).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-802.jpg?height=1408&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gelidorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gelidorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gelidorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1968, p. 125","Type_species":"Orthis partita BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 63, case II, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subquadrate with acute cardinal extremities, unisulcate, ventribiconvex, ramicostellate, ventral interarea short, planar, dorsal interarea vestigial, ventral muscle scar subpentagonal with broadly triangular adductor track and pair of low median ridges, pedicle callist well developed, adult cardinal process ridgelike with raised bilobate myophore, ventral mantle canal system probably saccate with divergent vascula media.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 559, 1a-d. *G. partita (Barrande), Caradoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.9, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x3 . 1, rubber replica of ventral exterior, x4.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a), d, internal mold of ventral valve, X3.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1968","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Giraldibella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Giraldibella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Giraldibella HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1977a, p. 87","Type_species":"Giraldiella bella BERGSTR\u00d6M, 1968, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Gelidorthis but fascicostellate with obtuse cardinal extremities, short planar dorsal interarea, proportionately smaller ventral muscle scar, and simple, bladelike cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe, Kazakhstan, Siberia, northeastern China, central Asia (Altai Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 559, 5a-c. *G. bella (Bergstr\u00f6m), Ashgill, Sweden, a, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X3, b, c, rubber replicas of two ventral interiors and exteriors, X3 (Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ranorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Ranorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ranorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ranorthis \u00d6PIK, 1939, p. 119","Type_species":"R. norvegica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcarinate, elongately semioval with rectangular to obtuse cardinal extremities, dorsal interarea curved, cardinal process rudimentary to ridgelike","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 563, 1 a-d .*R. norvegica, Arenig, Oslo Region, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X_3.8, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X_8.2, c, ventral exterior, x3 . 8, d, external mold of dorsal valve, x3.8 (Opik, 1939).","Museum_or_author_information":"Opik, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 563. ranorthidae (p. 777-778).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-810.jpg?height=1115&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Howellites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Howellites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Howellites BANCROFT, 1945, p. 203","Type_species":"Resserella (Howellites) striata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mesodalmanella Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1950, p. 26 (type, M. flava)","Synonyms":"Mesodalmanella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with bilobed muscle scar and divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with brachiophore plates variably divergent ventrally and rare fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 568, 2a-e. *H. striatus (Bancroft), Caradoc, Wales, a, rubber replica of ventral exterior, x2.5, b, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x2.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3.5, e, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X 4 (Williams, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 568. dalmanellidae (p. 785-788).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-819.jpg?height=1648&width=1291&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mirorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Mirorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mirorthis Zeng in Wang & OTHERS, 1983, p. 116","Type_species":"M. mira, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, small, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates and suboval muscle scar, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, widely divergent brachiophore plates associated with ancillary struts and crural pits, fulcral plates well developed","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 567, 2a-g. *M. mira, Ashgill, a, internal mold of ventral valve of conjoined internal molds, southern China, X3, b, enlargement of posterior part of conjoined internal molds, southern China, x1 0^mathbf1 0, c, internal mold of dorsal valve of conjoined internal molds, southern China, X3, d, enlargement of posterior part of conjoined internal molds, southern China, X_10, e, external mold of ventral valve of same specimen, southern China, X3 (Rong, 1984), f, internal mold of dorsal valve, Poland, x6 . 6, ~ g, internal mold of ventral valve, Poland, x6.6 (Temple, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, 1984, \nTemple, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 567. dalmanellidae (p. 785).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-818.jpg?height=1475&width=1288&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ravozetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Ravozetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ravozetina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 169","Type_species":"Orthis honorata BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 68, case III, fig. 1, 2","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, small, ventribiconvex, coarsely costellate valves with angular ribs, ventral interior with subtriangular muscle scar on callus, dental plates subparallel, pedicle callist well developed, dorsal interior with cardinal process normally as blade or ridge, fulcral plates absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 569, 2a-c. *R. honorata (Barrande), Ashgill, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x8, b, dorsal exterior, X_10.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X8.4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 569. dalmanellidae (p. 785-787).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-820.jpg?height=1276&width=1286&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cortezorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Cortezorthinae","Genus":"Cortezorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cortezorthis Johnson & TALENT, 1967a, p. 143","Type_species":"C. maclareni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, ventribiconvex, sharply unisulcate valves, ventral interior with dental fossettes and recessive dental plates, muscle scar cordate, dorsal interior with petaloid muscle scar situated on platform, bisected by long, low median septum, triangular in lateral view, extended forward to near anterior margin, radial ridges well developed on anteromedian areas of both interiors","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 570, 1a-e. *C. maclareni, Emsian or Eifelian, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada, a, dorsal interior, X3, b, incomplete dorsal interior, X3, c, ventral interior, X2, d, e, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined pair, x2 (Johnson & Talent, 1967a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson & Talent, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 570. dalmanellidae (p. 788-789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-822.jpg?height=1879&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costisorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"Costisorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costisorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 170","Type_species":"Orthis occlusa BARRANDE, 1848, pl. 19, fig. 2, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Isorthis but multiplicate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 572, 1a-c. *C. occlusa (Barrande), Pragian, Bohemia, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined pairs, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fascicostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Fascicostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fascicostella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 246","Type_species":"Strophomenes gervilii DEFRANCE, 1828, p. 152, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, coarsely fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and suboval muscle scar","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig . 576,3a,b. *F. gervilii (D EFRANCE ), Pragian, Bohemia; ventral, dorsal exteriors of conjoined pair, \u00d7 1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).\u2014\u2014Fig . 576,3c\u2013f. F. undulata WALMSLEY & BOUCOT, Lower Devonian, France; c,d, internal, external views of dorsal valve, \u00d73; e,f, internal molds of dorsal, ventral valves of conjoined pair, \u00d7 2 (Walmsley & Boucot, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fascizetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Fascizetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fascizetina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 232","Type_species":"Orthis gervilli konieprusensis OEHLERT, 1886, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, fascicostellate, multiplicate valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 576, 2a-d. * F. konieprusensis (Oehlert), Pragian, Bohemia, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior views of conjoined pair, x2.1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parmorthina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Parmorthina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parmorthina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 232","Type_species":"Parmorthis pragensis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 539, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, fascicostellate, unisulcate to weakly strangulate valves, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and cordate muscle scar, cardinalia lacking fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 575, 2a-e. *P. pragenesis (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Emsian, Bohemia, a, dorsal interior, X2, b, ventral interior, X2, c, dorsal exterior, X4.6, d, e, ventral, lateral views of ventral exterior, X1.8 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 575. dalmanellidae (p. 793-798).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-828.jpg?height=1803&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harknessella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Harknessella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harknessella REED, 1917, p. 862","Type_species":"Orthis vespertilio J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 640, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, medium-sized, unisulcate valves with acute cardinal extremities and fascicostellate ornament, dorsal interior with parallel to divergent bladelike brachiophores and divergent plates, brachiophore plates variably attached to fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 580, 1a-e. *H. vespertilio (Sowerby), Caradoc, England, a, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X1, b, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, rubber replica, x1 (Wright, 1965a), d, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2 (Bancroft, 1945).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nBancroft, 1945","figure_index":"fig. 580. harknessellidae (p. 800-801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-834.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Horderleyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Horderleyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Horderleyella BANCROFT, 1928b, p. 178","Type_species":"H. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Dorsibiconvex, small, sharply unisulcate valves with obtuse cardinal extremities and coarsely fascicostellate ornament, ventral interior with small suboval to rhomboidal muscle field, dorsal interior with parallel to divergent brachiophore blades, cardinal process small and lobate, crural pits and fulcral plates well developed.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, China, Morocco, Sweden, eastern Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 580, 3a-e. *H. plicata, Caradoc, England, a, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X1, b, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, Xl, c, internal mold of ventral interior, X1, d, e, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1 (Wright, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 580. harknessellidae (p. 800-801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-834.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reuschella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Reuschella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reuschella BANCROFT, 1928b, p. 180","Type_species":"R. semiglobata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, large, sharply unisulcate valves with acute cardinal extremities and coarsely costellate ornament, dorsal interior with widely divergent brachiophore blades. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill): Europe, eastern Baltic, Argentina, eastern USA, central Asia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, eastern Baltic, Argentina, eastern USA, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 580, 2a-e. *R. semiglobata, Caradoc, England, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5 (Cocks, new), b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X1, d, detail of posterior region of replica of dorsal interior, x2.5, e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x1 (Wright, 1965a)., Fig. 580, 2f. R. horderlyensis BANCROFT, Caradoc, England, internal mold of dorsal valve, X1.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 580. harknessellidae (p. 800-801).\nfig. 580. harknessellidae (p. 800-801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-834.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-834.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heterorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heterorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heterorthis Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 202","Type_species":"Orthis clytie HALL, 1861b, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, large, rectimarginate, concavoconvex to planoconvex, multicostellate valves, notothyrium partly covered by well-developed chilidium, ventral interior with muscle scars, dorsal interior with lobate cardinal process, tripartite on posteroventral surface, subperipheral rim developed in adults. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): Europe, North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 582, 1a-d. *H. clytie (Hall), Caradoc, Kentucky, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, X1.5, c, ventral interior, X1.5, dorsal interior, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 582, le-g. H. alternata (J. de C. Sowerby), Caradoc, Shropshire, e, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, f, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1 . 5, ~ g, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x1.5 (Williams, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nWilliams, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 582. heterorthidae (p. 803-804).\nfig. 582. heterorthidae (p. 803-804).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-837.jpg?height=1803&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-837.jpg?height=1803&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heterorthina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heterorthina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heterorthina BANCROFT, 1928a, p. 59, nom. nov. pro Bekkerella Rosenstein, 1943, p. 471, non Reed, 1935 (type, Bekkerella bekkeri ROSENSTEIN, 1943)","Type_species":"H. praeculta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, planoconvex, unisulcate, fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with cordate to bilobed muscle scar, dorsal interior with lobate, medially cleft, cardinal process and widely divergent brachiophores","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 584, 3a, b. *H. praeculta, Caradoc, Shropshire, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x1.5 (Wright, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 584. heterorthidae (p. 804-807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-839.jpg?height=1805&width=1298&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Svobodaina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Svobodaina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Svobodaina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 38","Type_species":"Orthis ellipsoides Barrande, 1848, p. 204, SD Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a, p. 122, =Orthis inclyta BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 67, case I","Synonyms_with_authors":"Svobodiana Alichova, 1960, p. 192, Planoharknessella Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1950, p. 42 (type, P. planidorsa)","Synonyms":"Svobodiana, Planoharknessella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, large, dorsibiconvex, unisulcate, fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with complex multifid cardinal process in adults","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 584, 2a-d. *S. ellipsoides, Caradoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, d, external mold of dorsal valve, x1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 584. heterorthidae (p. 804-807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-839.jpg?height=1805&width=1298&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypsomyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Hypsomyoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hypsomyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypsomyonia COOPER, 1955, p. 52","Type_species":"H. stainbrooki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, small, unisulcate valves with long curved ventral interarea","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 586, 1a-g. *H. stainbrooki, Frasnian, Iowa, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, boldsymbolX 5, f, g, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x7.5 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 586. hypsomyoniidae, kayserellidae, and mystrophoridae (p. 808-810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-841.jpg?height=1600&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biernatium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Mystrophoridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Biernatium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biernatium HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 234","Type_species":"Skenidium fallax G\u00dcRICH, 1896, p. 235, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, coarsely costellate valves with narrowly divergent delthyrium variably open or closed by apical plate, ventral interarea subpyramidal, apsacline to catacline, ventral interior with recessive dental plates, dorsal interior with ridgelike cardinal process and long rodlike brachiophores, cruralium long, narrowing anteriorly, fulcral plates absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Burma, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 586, 5a-c. * B. fallax (G\u00dcrich), Givetian, Moravia, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, X 4.4, b, c, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X_4.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 586. hypsomyoniidae, kayserellidae, and mystrophoridae (p. 808-810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-841.jpg?height=1600&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proschizophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Proschizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Proschizophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proschizophoria MAILLIEUX, 1912, p. 177","Type_species":"Orthis personata ZEILER, 1857, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, large, convexoconcave, unisulcate valves, ventral muscle scar suboval to subtriangular, dorsal interior with massive lobate cardinal process, lacking fulcral plates, posterior adductor scars larger than anterior pair","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"Europe, Altai Mountains, Canada (Nova Scotia), Kazakhstan, Morocco, New Zealand, China, Turkey","Figure_captions":"Fig. 591, 1a-f. * P. personata (Zeiler), Pragian, Siegerland, Germany, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X1, c-e, normal, posterior views of internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1,  f, external mold of ventral valve, x1 (Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 591. proschizophoriidae (p. 814-817).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-847.jpg?height=1517&width=1289&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Aulacella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 246","Type_species":"Orthis eifelensis SCHNUR, 1854, p. 213, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, unisulcate valves, ventral interior with bilobed muscle scar and median ridge, bifurcate anteriorly in front of muscle field, dorsal interior with trilobed cardinal process on low notothyrial platform","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 594, 3a-d. *A. eifelensis (Schnur), Eifelian, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, Germany, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), c, dorsal interior, Poland, X1, d, ventral interior, Poland, x2.5 (Biernat, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nBiernat, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 594. rhipidomellidae (p. 818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-851.jpg?height=1596&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parenteletes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Enteletidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parenteletes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parenteletes KING, 1931, p. 48","Type_species":"P. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sharply unisulcate valves, similar to Enteletina but with divergent dental plates and cella under anterior extension of ventral median septum, sockets elongate","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Namurian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"Europe, central Asia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 598, 2a-h. *P. cooperi, Asselian, western Texas, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1, f, g, normal, tilted views of ventral interior, X1, h, oblique view of dorsal interior, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 598. enteletidae (p. 823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-856.jpg?height=1748&width=1289&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drabovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Drabovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drabovia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 45","Type_species":"Orthis redux BARRANDE, 1848, pl. 18, fig. 7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Crassiorina Havl\u00ed\u0107ek, 1950, p. 36 (type, Orthis notata crassior Barrande, 1879)","Synonyms":"Crassiorina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subquadrate, biconvex, coarsely costellate valves with long straight ventral interarea, ventral interior with well-developed pedicle callist.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 600, 4a-e. *D. redux (Barrande), Caradoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X 1.8, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.1, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.8, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x2.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1977a), e, internal molds of two dorsal valves, x1.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 600. draboviidae (p. 826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-859.jpg?height=456&width=1222&top_left_y=1431&top_left_x=221)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pionodema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Pionodema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pionodema Foerste, 1912, p. 139, *Orthis subaequata CONRAD, 1843, p. 333, OD","Type_species":"Orthis subaequata CONRAD, 1843, p. 333, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, dorsibiconvex valves with short, curved ventral interarea and orthocline dorsal interarea, ventral interior with extended muscle scar bisected by median ridge, dorsal interior with small, lobate cardinal process and thin shaft on low notothyrial platform, brachiophore plates converge anteriorly onto median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 601, 1a-e. *P. subaequata (Conrad), Caradoc, Missouri, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, X2, c, ventral interior, X2, d, e, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 601. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-860.jpg?height=1880&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monelasmina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Monelasminiinae","Genus":"Monelasmina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monelasmina COOPER, 1955, p. 53","Type_species":"Orthis deshayesi RIGAUX, 1873, p. 50, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, small, sharply unisulcate valves with long straight ventral interarea, ventral interior with well-developed dental fossettes and recessive dental plates, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, deep sockets and median partition.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Canada, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 606, 2a-f. * M. deshayesi (Rigaux), Frasnian, France, a-d, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views of conjoined pair, X3, e, oblique view of dorsal interior, X4, f, internal mold of ventral valve, X3 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 606. draboviidae (p. 834).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-866.jpg?height=1199&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linoporella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Linoporella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linoporella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 247","Type_species":"Orthis punctata de VERNEUIL, 1848a, p. 343, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, unisulcate valves with radial rows of intercostellate pits, ventral interior with projecting dental plates and median ridge bisecting elongate muscle scar, cardinalia with swollen myophore and shaft, adductor scar elongately oval.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe, eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 608, 1a-g. * L. punctata (de Verneuil), Wenlock, Gotland, a, b, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, x2 (Wright, 1965a), c, d, external, internal views of ventral valve, x1.5, e, posterior part of dorsal interior showing cardinalia, X2 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), f, normal view of dorsal valve of conjoined pair, times, g, enlarged view of dorsal valve of conjoined pair, X5 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nAmsden, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 608. linoporellidae (p. 836-838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-869.jpg?height=1597&width=1277&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cycladigera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cycladigera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cycladigera HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971b, p. 230","Type_species":"Orthis palliata BARRANDE, 1848, pl. 19, fig. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, rectimarginate valves lacking aditicules, ventral interior with long, divergent dental plates, confining large, oval diductor muscle scar bisected by median ridge, adductor scar long and narrow, dorsal interior with simple, ridgelike cardinal process, located in deep notothyrial cavity and continuous anteriorly with prominent median septum. Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 608, 3a-e. * C. palliata (BARRANDE), Pragian, Bohemia; a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 1.5; d, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 1.4; e, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 608. linoporellidae (p. 836-838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-869.jpg?height=1597&width=1277&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Pocockia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Pocockia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Pocockia) LAZAREV, 1976, p. 112","Type_species":"Atrypa (Porambonites) gibbera PORTLOCK, 1843, p. 460, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schizophoria but with a geniculate ventral valve and a narrow, linear ventral muscle field confined by parallel dental plates, dorsal diductor scar elongate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 613, 2a, b. *S. (Pocockia) gibbera (Portlock), Vis\u00e9an, northern Ireland, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, x1.5 (Pocock, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pocock, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 613. schizophoriidae (p. 841-842).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-874.jpg?height=1326&width=1108&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=246)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aulacophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacophoria Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 247","Type_species":"Orthis keyserlingia de KONINCK, 1843, p. 230, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schizophoria but planoconvex, sharply unisulcate with commonly flat, catacline ventral interarea","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous-Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"Europe, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 614, 3a-c. * A. keyserlingia (de Koninck), lower Carboniferous, England, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1 (Wright, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 614. schizophoriidae (p. 842-843).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-875.jpg?height=1201&width=1296&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syntrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Syntrophiidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophiinae","Genus":"Syntrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syntrophia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 216","Type_species":"Triplesia lateralis WHITFIELD, 1886, p. 303, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Syntrophia Hall & Clarke, 1892, p. 270, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Syntrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Type species relatively large, biconvexity moderate, uniplication developed only near commissure, spondylium simplex supported only in the posteriormost portion by high median septum, spondylium nearly free in some species, long, deep socket plates converge and unite with long median septum to form long, broad, shallow septalium","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Europe, Greenland, Russia, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 627,1a\u2013b. *S. lateralis (WHITFIELD), Cassin Formation, Vermont, USA; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d71.5; b, posterior view of complete but exfoliated specimen showing spondylium and septalium (as molds), \u00d7 2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).\u2014\u2014Fig . 627,1c\u2013i. S. torynifera (U LRICH & C OOPER ), Smithville Formation, Arkansas, USA; c, ventral valve exterior; d, articulated valves, ventral valve on right; e, dorsal valve exterior, open delthyrium and well-developed interareas; f, ventral valve interior, spondylium nearly free; g, ventral valve interior, anterior view; h, ventral valve interior, oblique lateral view; i, dorsal valve interior, septalium, \u00d7 2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 627. syntrophiidae (p. 935-937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-055.jpg?height=1856&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhysostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Rhysostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhysostrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 630","Type_species":"R. nevadensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Syntrophopsis, but with strong costae, moderately biconvex, hinge line width varies considerably, narrow in type species, with narrow interareas, teeth strong, short spondylial structure commonly sessile and supported at anterior only by short, wide median septum, but may be simplex and supported for entire length, socket plates discrete but approach a sessile septalium in some individuals.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Europe, Siberia, ?New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 630, 2a-f. * R. nevadensis, \u00d7 1.5, f, dorsal valve interior, oblique mold, \u00d7 2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), Fig. 630, 2g. R. vagans (Reed), H\u00f8londa Limestone, Norway, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 2 (Neuman, 1989)","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938, \nNeuman, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 630. tetralobulidae (p. 939-940).\nfig. 630. tetralobulidae (p. 939-940).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-060.jpg?height=1268&width=624&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=859)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-060.jpg?height=1268&width=624&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=859)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Porambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Porambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Porambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porambonites PANDER, 1830, p. 95","Type_species":"P. intermedia, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 225","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvexity very strong, uniplication commences on the anterior half, dental plates commonly remain parallel for most of their considerable length, converging only at their anteriormost ends to join with the median ridge, ventral adductor muscle field anterior to and commonly separated from diductors by a very low ridge, very long socket plates and extensions commonly remain subparallel for their entire length, may converge only at their anteriormost ends to join with the median ridge, internal features in both valves commonly thicken and coalesce in older individuals","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-lower Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Canada, Argentina, Russia, Europe, Himalayas, India, China, Australia, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 635, 1a\u2013e. P. (P.) planus PANDER, Arenig, Glauconite limestone, Estonia; a, ventral valve exterior; b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on right; c, dorsal valve exterior; d, posterior view, ventral valve above; e, anterior view, ventral valve above, USNM 81599, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 635, 1f\u2013g. P. (P.) intercedens PANDER, Upper Ordovician, Hohenholm, Estonia; f, dorsal valve exterior; g, posterior view, ventral valve above, beaks ground off showing dental and socket plates, USNM 26897, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 635, 1h\u2013i. P. (P.) schmidti N OETLING , lower Llanvirn, Estonia; h, ventral valve interior; i, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Porambonites)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Porambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Porambonites)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porambonites PANDER, 1830, p. 95","Type_species":"P. intermedia, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 225","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subelliptical to circular in outline, valve proportions may be quite variable; hinge line distinct but narrow, less than half widest part of shell; cardinal process commonly absent, rarely present as low ridge.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)\u2013Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Russia, Estonia, Europe, Britain, Himalayas, China, Australia, ? South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 635, 1a\u2013e. P. (P.) planus PANDER, Arenig, Glauconite limestone, Estonia; a, ventral valve exterior; b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on right; c, dorsal valve exterior; d, posterior view, ventral valve above; e, anterior view, ventral valve above, USNM 81599, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 635, 1f\u2013g. P. (P.) intercedens PANDER, Upper Ordovician, Hohenholm, Estonia; f, dorsal valve exterior; g, posterior view, ventral valve above, beaks ground off showing dental and socket plates, USNM 26897, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 635, 1h\u2013i. P. (P.) schmidti N OETLING , lower Llanvirn, Estonia; h, ventral valve interior; i, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Equirostra)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Porambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Equirostra)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Equirostra) Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Isorhynchus KING, 1850, p. 112, non S CHOENHERR , 1833","Type_species":"Terebratulites aequirostris von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820 in 18201823, p. 282, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular in outline, longer than wide, hinge line extremely narrow, astrophic in some individuals","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Russia, Estonia, Europe, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 635, 3a-e. * P. (E.) aequirostris (von Schlotheim), Vaginaten Limestone, Russia, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, posterior view, ventral valve above, e, anterior view, ventral valve above, USNM 26898, x1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 635, 3f-g. P. (E.) baueri (Noetling), middle Ordovician, Estonia, f, ventral valve interior, g, dorsal valve interior, USNM 85369A, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Camerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camerella BILLINGS, 1859b, p. 301","Type_species":"C. volborthi, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 219","Synonyms_with_authors":"Camarella Dall, 1877, p. 18, nom. null., Rhynchocamara Schuchert & Cooper, 1931, p. 248 (type, R. plicata)","Synonyms":"Camarella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Most species small, some moderate in size, type species and most others paucicostate, some species with strong costae on the entire valve, few species with tiny granules or bumps over the surface, uniplication commonly present on the anterior third of the valve only, teeth small, relatively long spondylium simplex, rarely duplex, short, deep outer hinge plates, nearly horizontal in some species, long, narrow inner hinge plates converge and unite with a long median septum to form a short, deep, narrow septalium duplex, short, rodlike crura visible in some species, not the type species, dorsal adductor muscle field weakly developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Canada, USA, Britain, northern Europe, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, ?India, ?Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 636, 1a-d. *C. volborthi, upper Llanvirn, Rockland Formation, Ontario, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, x2 (Cooper, 1956a)., Fig. 636, 1e-f. C. bella Fenton, upper Llanvirn, Macy Formation, Missouri, USA, e, ventral valve interior, f, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).\nfig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Idiostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Idiostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Idiostrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 631","Type_species":"I. perfecta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trigonotrophia Andreeva, 1972, p. 54 (type, Idiostrophia paucicostata Cooper, 1956a, p. 588)","Synonyms":"Trigonotrophia,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Type species small, others may be very small, distinctly triangular outline, sides of both valves do not taper gently to commissure, but flex sharply to meet in a plane perpendicular to the commissural plane, paucicostate, rectimarginate, but a single, narrow radial groove runs down the center of each valve, socket plates short, deep, convergent, anterior extensions comparable to inner hinge plates absent, crura unknown, septalium rather long. Trigonotrophia lacks the distinctive strangulate grooves and possesses only 3 to 4 costae on the anterior margin, is otherwise indistinguishable from Idiostrophia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"Canada, USA, Argentina, Britain, Europe, northern Russia, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 637,6a\u2013e.*I. perfecta, upper Llanvirn, Mystic conglomerate, Quebec, Canada; a, ventral valve exterior; b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right; c, dorsal valve exterior; d, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral below; e, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, \u00d71.5 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).\u2014Fig. 637,6f\u2013g. I. costata ULRICH & COOPER, upper Arenig, Tourmakeady Limestone, Ireland; f, ventral valve interior, \u00d75; g, dorsal valve interior, oblique anterior view, \u00d711 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 637. camerellidae (p. 949-953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-070.jpg?height=1804&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parastrophina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parastrophina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parastrophina Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929b, p. 121","Type_species":"Atrypa hemiplicata HALL, 1847, p. 144, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium in size, subelliptical in outline, wider than long, strong, angular costae present near anterior margin only, valves otherwise smooth, dorsibiconvexity strong, dorsal umbo commonly more pronounced than ventral, may make valves appear falsely unisulcate, uniplication broad and strong, commences anterior to umbo, teeth strong, narrow spondylium duplex supported for entire length by low, narrow median septum that extends anterior to spondylium, short, shallow outer hinge plates, nearly horizontal in some species, extend into long inner hinge plates that converge and unite with long median septum to form long, narrow septalium duplex, long, bladelike crura, dorsal adductor muscle field well developed, elongate oval in outline.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"USA, eastern Canada, Britain, northern Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 1a-e. *P. hemiplicata (HALL), upper Llanvirn, Martinsburg Formation, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, Virginia, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, Virginia, x2, c, dorsal valve exterior, Virginia, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, Virginia, x1, e, section through articulated valves 9.5 mm from posterior end, dorsal valve above, showing alate plates, New York, x4 (St. Joseph, 1941).\u2014\u2014Fig. 640, 1f-g. P. bilobata Cooper, upper Llanvirn, Pratt Ferry Formation, Alabama, USA, f, ventral valve interior, x3, g, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Cooper, 1956a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 640, 1 h. P. rotundiformis (Willard), Caradoc, Prosser Formation, Iowa, USA, articulated valves, interior view of valve posteriors, ventral below, x3 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"St. Joseph, 1941, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).\nfig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).\nfig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anastrophia Hall, 1867a, p. 162-163, nov. pro Brachymerus Shaler, 1865, p. 69, non De JEAN, 1834","Type_species":"Pentamerus verneuili HALL, 1857a, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Savageina Boucot, 1975a, p. 355 (type, Terebratula deflexa J. de C. Sowerby in Murchison, 1839, p. 625)","Synonyms":"Savageina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strong costae cover entire valve surface, minimal bifurcation anteriorly, exaggerated dorsibiconvexity, uniplication broad and strong, hinge line astrophic, less commonly strophic, of variable width, teeth strong, wide, long sessile spondylium duplex supported anteriorly only by low, narrow median septum that extends anterior to spondylium, less commonly supported along entire length by relatively high duplex median septum, short outer hinge plates, slightly splayed out, that extend into long, subparallel inner hinge plates anterior to long, bladelike crura, median septum and septalium absent, internal features often thickened in older individuals, anterior ends of hinge plates may converge, simulating sessile septalium, not unlike Porambonites, alate plates vary in length, adductor muscle field quadrilobate, may have weak callosities.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Britain, Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Indochina, Australia, Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 2a\u2013f. *A. (A.) verneuili (HALL), Lochkovian, lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA; a, ventral valve exterior; b, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 1 (Shimer & Shrock, 1944); c, ventral valve interior; d, dorsal valve interior; e, articulated valves, interior view of valve posteriors, ventral below, \u00d7 1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932); f, section through articulated valves, dorsal valve below, showing alate plates, \u00d72 (St. Joseph, 1941).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Anastrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"A. (Anastrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Anastrophia) Hall, 1867a, p. 162-163, nov. pro Brachymerus Shaler, 1865, p. 69, non De JEAN, 1834","Type_species":"Pentamerus verneuili HALL, 1857a, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, less commonly small; subelliptical to subtriangular in outline; costae relatively \ufb01ne; hinge line astrophic or less commonly narrow, strophic.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Britain, Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Indochina, Australia, Venezuela.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 2a\u2013f. *A. (A.) verneuili (HALL), Lochkovian, lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA; a, ventral valve exterior; b, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 1 (Shimer & Shrock, 1944); c, ventral valve interior; d, dorsal valve interior; e, articulated valves, interior view of valve posteriors, ventral below, \u00d7 1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932); f, section through articulated valves, dorsal valve below, showing alate plates, \u00d72 (St. Joseph, 1941).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Grayina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"A. (Grayina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Grayina) BOUCOT, 1975a, p. 354","Type_species":"*A. magnifica KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 140, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size variable, outline subquadrate, costae very coarse and angular, with pronounced bifurcation near margins of fold and sulcus, hinge line wide and strophic, may be as wide as widest part of valve, ventral interarea present, varies from reduced to extensive","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 3a-e. *A. (G.) magnifica Kozlowski, Lochkovian, Roberts Mountain Formation, Nevada, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, c, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, d, ventral valve interior, x2.5, e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoanastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoanastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoanastrophia Nikiforova & SAPELNIKOV, 1973, p. 65","Type_species":"E. antiquata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Anastrophia externally but uniplication broad and shallow, present on entire valve, teeth weak, deep, narrow spondylium duplex supported along entire length by low median septum that does not extend anterior to spondylium, socket plates converge to form deep, narrow septalium simplex supported on long, low median septum, alate plates may be weakly developed or rarely absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Russia, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 641, 1a-f. *E. antiquata, Caradoc or Ashgill, Zeravshan Range, Tadzhikistan, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve above, x1, e-f, serial sections 0.6 and 0.9 mm from posterior end of specimen, ventral valve above, x3.5 (Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1973).\u2014Fig. 641, 1g. E. pentamera (Meneghini), Ashgill, Rosan Formation, Armorican Massif, France, dorsal valve interior mold, x2 (Melou, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1973, \nMelou, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 641. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).\nfig. 641. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-076.jpg?height=1094&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-076.jpg?height=1094&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parastrophinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parastrophinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parastrophinella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 248","Type_species":"Pentamerus reversus BILLINGS, 1857, p. 295, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, strong costae present on anterior half of valves, exaggerated dorsibiconvexity, dorsal umbo more pronounced than ventral, making valves appear falsely unisulcate, uniplication broad and relatively shallow, teeth small, narrow spondylium duplex, sessile only at extreme posterior, supported in anterior by low, narrow median septum that extends anterior to spondylium, short, subparallel to convergent outer hinge plates that extend into long, closely spaced inner hinge plates, anterior to long, bladelike crura, that converge only near valve floor and unite with short, low median septum at anteriormost edge to form long, very narrow sessile septalium or very low septalium simplex.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"USA, eastern Canada, Britain, northern Europe, Ukraine, Estonia, Russia, Siberia, China, Mongolia, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 4a-g. * P. reversa (Billings), Ashgill, Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, x2.5, e-g, serial sections 2.2 , 2.8 , and 3.2 mm from posterior end of specimen 20.5 mm long, ventral valve above (Jin & Copper, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & Copper, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brevilamnulella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Mariannaellinae","Genus":"Brevilamnulella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brevilamnulella Amsden, 1974, p. 62","Type_species":"Clorinda? thebesensis SAVAGE, 1913a, p. 125, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Antigaleatella Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975a, p. 74 (type, A. laevis, OD), Brevilamula Boucot & Chiang, 1974, p. 72, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Antigaleatella, Brevilamula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth to weakly costate anteriorly, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold, uniplicate anterior commissure, small spondylium and short median septum, very short inner hinge plates, thicker outer hinge plates, with noncarinate crura","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)-Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 649, 4 a-i. * B. thebesensis (Savage), Leemon Formation, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA, a-e, ventral, lateral view of ventral valve, dorsal view of exterior, anterior view of ventral valve, lateral view of dorsal valve, x2, f-g, oblique view of dorsal cardinalia, dorsal interior, h, oblique posterior of ventral valve, x5, i, oblique view of ventral valve interior, x3 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 649. virgianidae (p. 967-969).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-089.jpg?height=1557&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentamerus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pentamerus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentamerus J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, p. 73","Type_species":"P. oblongus J. de C. Sowerby, 1839, p. 641, ICZN, 1954, Opinion 297, Opinion 297 placed Pentamerus J. Sowerby, 1813 in 1812-1815, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, Pentamerus oblongus J. de C. Sowerby, 1839, was designated the type species and added to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The following names were placed on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology: Gypidia Dalman, 1828, Trimurus Caldwell, 1934, Miopentamerus Alexander (n\u00e9e Caldwell), 1936, Miopentamerus Woods, 1937. Pentamerus laevis J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, was placed in the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, subequally biconvex, Ziegler's blisters present in small percentage, trilobate, with fold on each valve, ventral median septum about one-half valve length, hinge plates discrete, subparallel, and long.  [Ziegler\u2019s blisters (see B OUCOT in B OUCOT & MCCUTCHEON, 1986) are calcitic partitions present in the posterior portion of one or both umbonal chambers; they are anterior of a space that may be \ufb01lled either with clear calcite or sediment, and are interpreted as a teratological condition; their presence in samples of both Pentamerus and Pentameroides is considered to have phylogenetic value.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian\u2013Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 652 a\u2013f. *P. (P.) oblongus; sections showing hinge plate and crural development and spondylium, Wallington Limestone, central New York, USA, \u00d72 (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 651, 1f\u2013i. Pentamerus sp., USA; f, interior of ventral, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d72; g, interior of dorsal, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d71; h, interior of ventral, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d72, i, interior of dorsal, Louisville Limestone, Louisville, Kentucky, \u00d7 3 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Pentamerus)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Pentamerus)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately biconvex.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian\u2013Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 652 a\u2013f. *P. (P.) oblongus; sections showing hinge plate and crural development and spondylium, Wallington Limestone, central New York, USA, \u00d72 (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 651, 1f\u2013i. Pentamerus sp., USA; f, interior of ventral, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d72; g, interior of dorsal, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d71; h, interior of ventral, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d72, i, interior of dorsal, Louisville Limestone, Louisville, Kentucky, \u00d7 3 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harpidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Harpidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harpidium KIRK, 1925, p. 1","Type_species":"H. insignis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, nontrilobate, strongly ventribiconvex, dorsal interior as in Pentamerus","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Aeronian-Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 656, 1a\u2013f. *H. (H.) insignis, Heceta Limestone, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, USA; side view of interior, ventral, lateral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d71 (Kirk, 1925).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 656. pentameridae (p. 976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-097.jpg?height=1606&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":439.86,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kirkidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kirkidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kirkidium Amsden, Boucot, & JOHNSON, 1967, p. 865","Type_species":"Pentamerus knighti J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Praekirkidium Breivel & Breivel, 1988, p. 54 (type, P. uncinus, OD)","Synonyms":"Praekirkidium","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Coarsely costate, unequally biconvex with ventral valve deeper, nontrilobate, long ventral median septum, hinge plates as in Pentamerus, crura very prominent","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Pridoli)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 658, 2a\u2013c. *K. (K.) knighti, Aymestry Limestone, England; a\u2013b, lateral, lateral view of interior, \u00d7.67; c, posterior view, \u00d71 (Murchison, 1839)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Kirkidium)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"K. (Kirkidium)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Kirkidium) Amsden, Boucot, & JOHNSON, 1967, p. 865","Type_species":"Pentamerus knighti J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly biconvex","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Pridoli)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 658, 2a\u2013c. *K. (K.) knighti, Aymestry Limestone, England; a\u2013b, lateral, lateral view of interior, \u00d7.67; c, posterior view, \u00d71 (Murchison, 1839)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Pinguaella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"K. (Pinguaella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Pinguaella) Boucot & JOHNSON, 1979, p. 114","Type_species":"Rhipidium pingue AMSDEN, 1949a, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, moderately biconvex","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Pridoli)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 658, 1a-i. * K. (P.) pingue (Amsden), Brownsport Formation, western Tennessee, USA, a-e, ventral, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, x2, f-g, posterior, lateral views, x1.5, h, ventral view, x1, impression of dorsal interior, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentameroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pentameroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentameroides Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 248","Type_species":"Pentamerus subrectus Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 238, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth to chevronlike ornamentation, inner hinge plates fused to form a cruralium supported by a median septum","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-upper Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 662 a-f. P. (P.) sp., a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views of internal impression, Schoolcraft Dolomite?, Calumet County, Wisconsin, USA, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979), f, serial section, Meritton Limestone, Thorold, Ontario, Canada (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979, \nGauri & Boucot, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 662. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-104.jpg?height=1867&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Pentameroides)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Pentameroides)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Pentameroides) Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 248","Type_species":"Pentamerus subrectus Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 238, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth; lenticular; trilobate; external homeomorph of Pentamerus.  [Type material unsuitable for illustration.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-upper Wenlock)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 662 a-f. P. (P.) sp., a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views of internal impression, Schoolcraft Dolomite?, Calumet County, Wisconsin, USA, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979), f, serial section, Meritton Limestone, Thorold, Ontario, Canada (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979, \nGauri & Boucot, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 662. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-104.jpg?height=1867&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhipidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhipidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhipidium SCHUCHERT & COOPER , 1931, p. 249","Type_species":"Pentamerus knappi HALL & WHITFIELD, 1872, p. 184; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Finely to coarsely costate; faintly to very trilobate, discrete inner hinge plates, median septum about half valve length.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow):","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 664 a\u2013e. *R. (R.) knappi (HALL & W HITFIELD ), Louisville Formation, Kentucky, USA; ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d71 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costistricklandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Stricklandiinae","Genus":"Costistricklandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costistricklandia AMSDEN, 1953, p. 143","Type_species":"Stricklandia gaspeensis BILLINGS, 1859a, p. 134, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, subcircular to elongate, similar to youngest form of Stricklandia but with costae that bifurcate anteriorly, moderately ventribiconvex, relatively large outer hinge plates and crura","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Telychian-lower Wenlock)","Geography":"eastern North America, Europe, Novaya Zemlya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 674, 2a-c. *C. gaspeensis (Billings), La Vieille Formation, Qu\u00e9bec, a, dorsal interior showing brachial processes, La Vieille Cove, east of Gascons, x2, b, posterior of ventral valve exterior, Port Daniel, x1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), c, dorsal valve exterior, x1 (Amsden, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nAmsden, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 674. stricklandiidae (p. 998).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-118.jpg?height=1884&width=1291&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":435.76,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gypidula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Gypidula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gypidula ivdelensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 22","Type_species":"Gypidula ivdelensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Procerulina Andronov, 1961, p. 76 (type, Pentamerus acutolobatus procerulus Barrande, 1879b, p. 60)","Synonyms":"Procerulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large sized, galeatiform, costate to plicate, costae distinctly bifurcating anteriorly, crossed by fine concentric ridges, with or without ventral median septum, outer hinge plates discrete or rarely united into cruralium","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Central Asia, Siberia, USA (Alaska), Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 681, 2a\u2013d. *G. typicalis (AMSDEN), Cedar Valley Group, Iowa, USA; a\u2013c, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, \u00d71 (Amsden, 1965); d, serial section at 5.0 mm from tip of ventral umbo (Godefroid, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 681. gypidulidae (p. 1006).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-126.jpg?height=1848&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Galeatagypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Galeatagypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Galeatagypa SAPELNIKOV, 1981, p. 11","Type_species":"Pentamerus pelagicus BARRANDE, 1847, p. 469, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Gypidula internally, relatively angular dorsal sulcus margins and correspondingly angular ventral fold margins, ranging from no costa in dorsal sulcus to a prominent dorsomedian costa, if present extending almost to beak region and having corresponding ventral groove.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian","First_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, western and Arctic North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 684, 2a-e. *G. pelagica (Barrande), Lochkov Formation, Prague region, Czech Republic, ventral, lateral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views, x1 (Barrande, 1879b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrande, 1879","figure_index":"fig. 684. gypidulidae (p. 1008).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-130.jpg?height=1837&width=1265&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sieberella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Sieberella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sieberella OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1311","Type_species":"Pentamerus sieberi von Buch in BARRANDE, 1847, p. 465, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, costate shells, outline typically transverse, subellipsoidal, less commonly rounded, costae simple, strongly angular in cross section, covering entire shell or restricted to anterior half, V-shaped interspaces separating costae, inner hinge plates variably united to form cruralium or even low median septum, ventral median septum absent or low","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"widespread in Europe, North America, North Africa, Kazakhstan, Tian Shan, Salair, Urals, Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 685, 3a-d. * S. sieberi (von Buch), Koneprusy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, a-c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views, x1, d, serial section at 7.9 mm from ventral valve beak, x2 (Amsden, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 685. gypidulidae (p. 1010-1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-131.jpg?height=1823&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ivdelinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Ivdeliniinae","Genus":"Ivdelinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ivdelinia Andronov, 1961, p. 45, Procerulina ANDRONOV, 1961, p. 76","Type_species":"Gypidula ivdelensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Procerulina Andronov, 1961, p. 76 (type, Pentamerus acutolobatus procerulus Barrande, 1879b, p. 60)","Synonyms":"Procerulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large sized, galeatiform, costate to plicate, costae distinctly bifurcating anteriorly, crossed by fine concentric ridges, with or without ventral median septum, outer hinge plates discrete or rarely united into cruralium, With strongly raised costae or plicae, with median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian  (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Central Asia [Sredni Azii], Siberia, USA (Alaska), Lochkovian\u2013Emsian; Europe, Urals, Russia (Kolyma, Salair), Canadian Arctic Islands, Eifelian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 687, 1a-d. * I. (I.) ivdelensis (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), upper Emsian-lower Eifelian, Ivdel region, eastern slope Urals, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1951).\u2014\u2014Fig. 687, 1e-f. I. procerulus, Koneprusy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, dorsal, ventral views, x1 (Andronov, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1951, \nAndronov, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 687. gypidulidae (p. 1013-1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-134.jpg?height=1809&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"I. (Ivdelinia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Ivdeliniinae","Genus":"I. (Ivdelinia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"I. (Ivdelinia) Andronov, 1961, p. 45, Procerulina ANDRONOV, 1961, p. 76","Type_species":"Gypidula ivdelensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With strongly raised costae or plicae, with median septum.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian  (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Central Asia [Sredni Azii], Siberia, USA (Alaska), Lochkovian\u2013Emsian; Europe, Urals, Russia (Kolyma, Salair), Canadian Arctic Islands, Eifelian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 687, 1a-d. * I. (I.) ivdelensis (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), upper Emsian-lower Eifelian, Ivdel region, eastern slope Urals, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1951).\u2014\u2014Fig. 687, 1e-f. I. procerulus, Koneprusy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, dorsal, ventral views, x1 (Andronov, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1951, \nAndronov, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 687. gypidulidae (p. 1013-1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-134.jpg?height=1809&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schegultania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypiduloidea - Nomen nudum","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schegultania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schegultania ANDRONOV, 1961, p. 108","Type_species":"[No type species designated].","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"In same work ANDRONOV assigned to the genus three species: S. karpinskii ANDRONOV, 1961, S. archangelskii ANDRONOV, 1961, and S. sp. ANDRONOV, 1961. SAPELNIKOV (1985a, p. 134\u2013135) redescribed the genus, and restricted to it only S. karpinskii [from the Zdimir Zone of northern Urals (upper Emsian\u2013lower Eifelian)]. The other two species of ANDRONOV he indicated belong to unrelated, nonpentamerid brachiopods. SAPELNIKOV did not formally designate S. karpinskii as the type species of Schegultania.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"upper Emsian\u2013lower Eifelian","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clorinda":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Clorindinae","Genus":"Clorinda","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clorinda BARRANDE, 1879b, p. 109","Type_species":"C. armata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, ventribiconvex, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus well developed anteriorly, inner hinge plates discrete, widely spaced apart, hinge plates not lyre shaped in cross section, carinae present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhuddanian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, North America, Greenland, Australia, North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 696, 1a-c. *C. armata, Hlubocepy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, lateral, dorsal, posterior views, x1 (Barrande, 1879b)., \"Fig. 696, 1d-f. C. tumidula, Gun River Formation, Anticosti, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada, ventral, anterior, dorsal views, x1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrande, 1879, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).\nfig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antirhynchonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Clorindinae","Genus":"Antirhynchonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antirhynchonella OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1311","Type_species":"Atrypa linguifera J. de C. Sowerby in MURCHISON, 1839, p. 629, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Barrandella Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 241, obj., in 1955, ICZN (Opinion 374) placed Antirhynchonella (type, Atrypa linguifera J. de C. Sowerby in Murchison, 1839, p. 629) on The Official List of Generic Names, Antirhynchonella Quenstedt, 1871 in 1868-1871, nom. nud., and Barrandella Hall & Clarke, 1893, were added to The Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology","Synonyms":"Barrandella,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, strongly ventribiconvex shell, dorsal fold rounded, inner hinge plates united to form cruralium that may or may not be supported by median septum, lyre-shaped cross section, carinae present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Siberia, Turkestan, South China, North America, Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 696, 3a-g. *A. linguifera (J. de C. SOWERBY), Wenlock Limestone, Dudley, England; a\u2013c, lateral, dorsal, anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013g, serial sections, \u00d72 (Amsden, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentamerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Pentamerellinae","Genus":"Pentamerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentamerella HALL, 1867b, p. 373","Type_species":"Atrypa arata CONRAD, 1841, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Variable size, ventribiconvex, inner hinge plates united to form cruralium, sometimes supported by median septum, hinge plates with lyre-shaped cross section, noncarinate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 697, 3a-c. *P. arata (Conrad), Schoharie Formation, Albany County, New York, USA, anterior, dorsal, lateral views, x1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 697. clorindidae (p. 1024-1026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-145.jpg?height=838&width=1279&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drepanorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Ancistrorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Drepanorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drepanorhyncha COOPER, 1956a, p. 627","Type_species":"Porambonites ottawaensis BILLINGS, 1862, p. 140, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Porambonites ottawaensis Billings, 1862, p. 140, OD","Synonyms":"Porambonites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell small with elongate subtriangular outline and subequibiconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins not steep, interareas narrow, delthyrium open, ventral beak erect. Fold and sulcus weak, narrow, arising at midlength, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, serrate. Costae few but strong, rounded, arising at umbones. Dental plates long and closely set, slightly convergent ventrally, teeth large, ventral musculature indistinct. Hinge plates concave, divided, crural bases arising from underside of notothyrial cavity, crura very long and slender.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (middle Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (middle Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Kirghizia, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 703, 2a-g. *D. ottawaensis (Billings), Caradoc, Rocklandian, Rockland Formation, Paquette Rapids, Ontario, Canada, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, d, hypotype, lateral view, x1, e, dorsal valve interior, x3, f, ventral valve interior, g, longitudinal section showing crura, x2 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 703. ancistrorhynchidae (p. 1041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-161.jpg?height=1200&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Oligorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oligorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligorhynchia COOPER, 1935, p. 49","Type_species":"O. subplana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subtriangular outline and low biconvex profile, ventral beak suberect to straight, foramen elongate-oval, deltidial plates small, triangular. Fold and sulcus weak and masked by 3 angular dorsal plicae and 2 to 4 ventral plicae. Dental plates strong, vertical, teeth long. Divided hinge plates supported by swelling of median anterior sulcus, cardinal process absent, crura long and straight or curved slightly ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Novaya Zemlya, northern Urals, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 705, 2a-e. *O. subplana, lower Caradoc, Lincolnshire Formation, Hogskin Member, Tennessee, USA, a-d, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x4, e, hypotype, view into dorsal interior showing hinge plates, x6 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 705. sphenotretidae and oligorhynchiidae (p. 1043-1046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-163.jpg?height=1127&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchotrema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotrematinae","Genus":"Rhynchotrema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchotrema HALL, 1860a, p. 68","Type_species":"Atrypa increbescens HALL, 1860a, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to large with subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and equibiconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins generally steep. Beak suberect to incurved, delthyrium partly closed by marginal deltidial plates. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue trapezoid, dentate. Costae subangular, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates short, almost vertical, teeth stout, with large fossettes, ventral muscle field flabellate. Septalium with distinct septalial plates, dorsal median septum low, thick, extending to midlength, crural bases arising from septal plates, crura long, ventrally curved, cardinal process septiform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 707, 1 a-l. *from posterior, x4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 707. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1047).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-167.jpg?height=1734&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stegerhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotrematinae","Genus":"Stegerhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stegerhynchus FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 96","Type_species":"Rhynchonella (Stegerhynchus) whitii-praecursor Foerste, 1909a, p. 96, OD, =Stegerhynchus praecursor FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 96","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stegorhynchella Rzhonsnitskaia, 1959, p. 27 (type, Stegerhynchus decimplicata angaciensis Chernyshev, 1937, p. 29), Tungussotoechia Lopushinskaya, 1976, p. 60 (type, Stegorhynchella tungussensis LOPUSHINSKAYA, 1972, p. 186), Stegerhynchops Amsden, 1978, p. 27 (type, S. marblensis)","Synonyms":"Stegorhynchella, Tungussotoechia, Stegerhynchops","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium open or with rudimentary deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus narrow, strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, trapezoid, serrate, Costae simple, subangular, from beaks, Dental plates short, subvertical, sometimes obscured by callus, Hinge plates thick, short, septalium small, with short septalial plates, dorsal median septum thick, long, cardinal process septiform, crural bases arising from septalial plates, crura laterally flattened, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia, Altai, Mongolia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 708, 2a-m. *S. praecursor (Foerste), ae, topotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, lower Silurian, Clinton Beds, Clifton, Tennessee, USA, collected by Foerste, x2.4 (Jones, 1981), f-m, hypotype, serial sections 0.3, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.3, 1.9, 2.0 ~mm from posterior, lower Silurian, Bescie Formation, Anticosti Island, Canada, x7 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jones, 1981, \nJin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 708. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1047-1050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-168.jpg?height=1639&width=1281&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytidorhachis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Lepidocyclinae","Genus":"Rhytidorhachis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytidorhachis Jin & CALDWELL, 1990, p. 32","Type_species":"R. hudsonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subtriangular outline and moderately biconvex profile, Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates and submesothyrid foramen, Fold and sulcus extending from umbones, Costae strong, from beaks, some bifurcation and intercalation anteriorly, Dental plates short and mostly fused to shell walls, teeth short and thick, ventral muscle field well impressed, Dorsal median septum short to absent, hinge plates short, thick, divided anteriorly, cardinal process septiform, crural bases triangular, crura laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)- upper Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig . 709,1a\u2013k. *R.hudsonensis, upper Llandovery, Ekwan River Formation, Little Current River, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d73; e\u2013k, serial sections 0.8, 0.9, 1.3,1.6, 2.2, 2.6, 3.2 mm from posterior, \u00d7 8 (Jin & Caldwell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 709. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1050-1052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-170.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Trigonirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonirhynchia COOPER, 1942, p. 228","Type_species":"Uncinulina fallaciosa BAYLE, 1878, pl. 13, fig. 13-16, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Uncinulina Bayle, 1878, pl. 13, fig. 13-16, non Terquem, 1862, Holothuroidea\"","Synonyms":"Uncinulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline, strongly biconvex. Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium open, bordered by disjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus distinct but low, with gentle margins, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, serrate. Costae strong, simple, rounded, from beaks. Dental plates distinct but short, teeth elongate, crenulate. Dorsal septum low, thin, long, septalium well developed, with cover plate, cardinal process absent, crural bases horizontal, crura curved ventrally, ventromedian surfaces concave in section.","Beginning_age":"Middle Silurian (lower Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Silurian (lower Wenlock)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, Siberia, China, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 710, 1a-n. *T. fallaciosa (Bayle), Lower Devonian, N\u00e9hou, France, a-d, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1.2, e-n, hypotype, serial sections 21.3, 21.2, 21.1, 21.0, 20.8, 20.7, 20.4, 20.0, 19.7, 19.3 mm from anterior, x1.6 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 710. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-172.jpg?height=1828&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Macropotamorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Macropotamorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Macropotamorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 24","Type_species":"Camarotoechia mitcheldeanensis VAUGHAN, 1905, p. 302, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, ovate, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus weak, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderately high, dentate, Costae angular, strong, simple, arising at beaks, Dental plates short, vertical, Dorsal median septum low, long, extending to about half valve length, septalium short, generally with cover plate, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, crural bases triangular, crura laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"western and eastern Europe, Asia, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 714, 2a-b. *M. mitcheldeanensis (Vaughan), Carboniferous Limestone, Gloucestershire, Mitcheldean, England, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x1 (Vaughan, 1905)., Fig. 714, 2c-m. M. curiosus, Banff Formation, Alberta, Forbidden Creek, Canada, c-f, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, g-m, serial sections 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 3.0, 3.8 ~mm from posterior, x4.5 (Carter, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vaughan, 1905, \nCarter, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).\nfig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Microsphaeridiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Microsphaeridiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Microsphaeridiorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 27","Type_species":"Rhynchonella (?) litchfieldensis SCHUCHERT, 1903, p. 167, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded trigonal outline and strongly biconvex profile, Ventral beak incurved, delthyrium bordered by narrow disjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, dentate, Costae strong, simple, angular, from beaks, Dental plates distinct but short, vertical, Dorsal median septum thick, long, well-developed septalium with cover plate, cardinal process absent, crura laterally flattened, concave dorsomedially.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 714, 3a-c. *M. litchfieldensis (Schuchert), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Coblestone Limestone, Litchfield, New York, USA, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, \u00d71 (Schuchert, 1903)., Fig. 714, 3d-j. M. nucula (Sowerby), hypotype, serial sections 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 2.3 mm from posterior from Eke Beds, Ludlow, Lau Backar, Gotland, \u00d75 (Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert, 1903, \nJin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).\nfig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligoptycherhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Oligoptycherhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligoptycherhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 20","Type_species":"Terebratula hexatoma SCHNUR, 1851, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline, strongly dorsibiconvex, beak suberect to erect. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rectangular, dentate. Costae strong, simple, angular, from beaks. Dental plates distinct, ventrally convergent. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium with cover anteriorly, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian) - Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 715, 3a-k. *O. hexatomus (Schnur), lower Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Formation, Geeser bed, Uxheim, Eifel, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views of original figured specimen, x2.6 (Schnur, 1853), f-k, serial sections of specimen from same formation, x4 (Schmidt, 1941a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schnur, 1853, \nSchmidt, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 715. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1059-1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-179.jpg?height=182&width=955&top_left_y=1174&top_left_x=317)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Stenorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenorhynchia BRICE, 1981b, p. 195","Type_species":"Terebratula nympha BARRANDE, 1847, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stenorhynchites Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990, p. 145 (type, Rhynchonella infelix Barrande, 1879b, pl. 28, case 1, fig. 3-4)","Synonyms":"Stenorhynchites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and strongly dorsibiconvex, inflated, profile, lateral and anterior shell margins precipitous. Fold and sulcus strong, wide, from umbones, with high anterior tongue. Beak erect to incurved. Costae strong, simple, from beaks, interspaces extended into spines at anterior commissure. Dental plates distinct, well separated from valve walls. Dorsal median septum long, septalium perforate posteriorly but covered anteriorly, cardinal process absent, crural bases arising from septalium cover plates, crura ventrally curved, convex ventrolaterally in cross section.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Tadzhikistan, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 717, 1a-p. *S. nympha (BARrande), Lower Devonian, a-d, neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, x1, e-h, hypotype, serial sections 10.5, 10.3, 10.2, 10.1 ~mm from anterior, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, x2.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961), i-p, hypotype, serial sections 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.6, 2.9, 3.2 mm from posterior, upper Emsian, Marettes Formation, Brittany, France, x3 (Brice, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, \nBrice, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 717. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-182.jpg?height=1367&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetratomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Tetratomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetratomia SCHMIDT, 1941a, p. 13","Type_species":"Terebratula tetratoma SCHNUR, 1851, p. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus strong, narrow, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, strongly serrate, Costae strong, simple, from beaks, Dental plates short, vertical, may be obscured by callus, Dorsal median septum short, hinge plates united by convex plate, septalium absent, cardinal process absent, crura laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian) - Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 718, 1 a-j .* T. tetratoma (SchnUr), lower Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, a-c, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x2 (Schmidt, 1941a), d-j, serial sections, x5.3 (McLaren, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSchmidt, 1941, \nMcLaren, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 718. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1062-1063).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-183.jpg?height=1400&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rostricellula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Rostricellulinae","Genus":"Rostricellula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rostricellula Ulrich & COOPER, 1942, p. 625","Type_species":"R. rostrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Longxianirhynchia FU, 1982, p. 143 (type, L. transversa, OD)","Synonyms":"Longxianirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline, moderately biconvex. Beak erect to incurved, delthyrium open to partly closed by incipient deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus distinct with rounded margins, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, serrate. Costae fine to medium, simple, extending from umbones, crossed by concentric growth lamellae. Dental plates distinct but short. Dorsal median septum to midlength, septalium short, without cover, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crural bases subhorizontal, crura distally slender, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 719, 1a-b. *R. rostrata, Lebanon Formation, Middle Ordovician, Clinton, Tennessee, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f, paratype, ventral valve interior, x2, g-h, paratypes, dorsal valve interiors showing cardinalia and crura, x4 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 719. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1064-1065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-184.jpg?height=722&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectothyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Rostricellulinae","Genus":"Plectothyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectothyrella TEMPLE, 1965, p. 412","Type_species":"P. platystrophoides, OD,  = P. crassicosta (DALMAN), 1828, p. 131","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subtrigonal, strongly biconvex. Beak suberect, delthyrium open. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus from umbones but faint ventral fold and dorsal sulcus posteriorly. Costae strong, subangular, from beaks, some intercalation. Growth lamellae closely spaced, strongest anteriorly. Dental plates convergent ventrally, teeth small, cyrtomatodont, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum low, thick, septalium short, without cover, hinge plates divided, inner socket ridges massive, sockets thin, crural bases thick, crura long, thick.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, eastern North America, northern Africa, South Africa, South America, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 720,1a\u2013e.*P. crassicosta (DALMAN), upper Ashgill, Hirnantian; a, ventral valve exterior, Bestorp, Sweden, \u00d71.2; b, interior of same, Bestorp, Sweden, \u00d72; c, interior of dorsal valve posterior, Bestorp, Sweden, \u00d7 2.6 (Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968); d\u2013e, posterior and lateral of broken conjoined shell, Quebec, Perc\u00e9, Canada, \u00d71.5 (Lesp\u00e9rance & Sheehan, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 720. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1065-1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-185.jpg?height=1811&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Centrorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Centrorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Centrorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 11","Type_species":"Camarotoechia baitalensis REED, 1922, p. 94, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large with subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile. Beak suberect, foramen circular, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Fold and sulcus arising at umbones, prominent anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, triplicate to quadruplicate. Costae strong, simple, subangular, from beaks. Shell thick. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, teeth short, strong, crenulated, ventral muscle field flabellate, deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum thick, long, fairly high, septalium moderately wide and long, usually with posterior cover plate, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, horizontal, sockets large and crenulated, dorsal muscle field distinct, crura closely set, ventrally curved, distal part with gutterlike section open dorsally.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Pamir, China, western Europe, Russia, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 721, 4a-c. *C. baitalensis (Reed), Ak Baital, Pamir, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and ventral views, c, anterior view of different specimen, \u00d7 1.5 (Reed, 1922), Fig. 721, 4d-l. C. charakensis (Brice), Afghanistan, Ghouk, serial sections 0.7, 1.0, 1.6, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.3, 3.7, 4.1 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2 (Brice, 1970)","Museum_or_author_information":"Reed, 1922, \nBrice, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 721. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067).\nfig. 721. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-187.jpg?height=1893&width=1306&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-187.jpg?height=1893&width=1306&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pampoecilorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Pampoecilorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pampoecilorhynchus SARTENAER, 1968d, p. 3","Type_species":"Rhynchonella nux GOSSELET, 1887, p. 210, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large with subpentagonal outline and median septum thin, moderately high, septalium wide, long, V-shaped, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, horizontal, dorsal muscle field weak, crura short, only slightly ventrally curved, tips with phrygian cap section open dorsally.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, Iran, Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 723, 2al. *P. nux (Gosselet), Belgium, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Sartenaer, 1958), e- l, serial sections 0.95, 1.65, 1.85, 2.05, 2.65, 3.45, 4.8, 5.15 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1968d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1958, \nSartenaer, 1968","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptychomaletoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Ptychomaletoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptychomaletoechia SARTENAER, 1961c, p. 7","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Omaliusi GOSSELET, 1877b, p. 314, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline, strongly dorsibiconvex with steep lateral margins. Beak erect to suberect, foramen circular, with deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Fold and sulcus distinct, from umbones, tongue high, rectangular, dentate. Costae strong, angular, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates slightly convergent ventrally. Dorsal median septum low, long, septalium deep, without cover, crural bases triangular, crura closely placed, concave dorsomedially in section. Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian): Europe, Afghanistan, Altai, China, North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Europe, Afghanistan, Altai, China, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 724, 2a-i. *P. omaliusi (Gosselet), Famennian, Senzeilles beds, Senzeilles, Belgium, a- d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Gosselet, 1877b), e-f, topotype, serial sections 0.85, 1.15 ~mm from posterior, x3.4, g-i, serial sections 2.93, 3.08, 3.18 ~mm from posterior of another topotype, x2.7 (Sartenaer, 1961c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gosselet, 1877, \nSartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 724. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1070-1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-190.jpg?height=1846&width=1301&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Virginiatinae","Genus":"Rhynchotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchotreta HALL, 1879, p. 166","Type_species":"Terebratula cuneata DALMAN, 1828, p. 141, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bailongjiangella Fu, 1982, p. 139 (type, B. astuta, OD)","Synonyms":"Bailongjiangella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate triangular outline, apical angle acute, biconvex. Beak straight to suberect, ventral interarea long, delthyrium long with circular foramen bounded anteriorly by conjunct to disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate. Costae strong, rounded, simple, usually from beaks. Dental plates well developed, close to valve walls, vertical, teeth stout. Dorsal median septum short, low, thick, septalium without cover, cardinal process absent, crural bases subtriangular, crura long, laterally compressed, concave medially in section. Lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow): Europe, Urals, Altai, China, North America.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Altai, China, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 727ao. * R. cuneata (DALMAN), upper Wenlock-lower Ludlow, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Klinteberg Beds, Klinteberg, Gotland, x3 (Bassett & Cocks, 1974), d-h, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, Klinteberg Beds, Bryten, near Klinte, Gotland, x2.5, i, enlargement of delthyrial area showing deltidial plates, x8.3, j-o, hypotype, serial sections 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5 ~mm from posterior, Klinteberg Beds, Bryten, near Klinte, Gotland, x8.3 (Jin & Caldwell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett & Cocks, 1974, \nJin & Caldwell, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 727. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-195.jpg?height=1106&width=1296&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thebesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Virginiatinae","Genus":"Thebesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thebesia AMSDEN, 1974, p. 69","Type_species":"Rhynchotreta thebesensis FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 94; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subtrigonal outline; apical angle acute and posterolateral margins slightly concave; pro\ufb01le biconvex. Beak straight to suberect; delthyrium open to partly closed by rudimentary deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus absent; anterior commissure rectimarginate, serrate. Costae strong, simple, subangular, slightly curved outward. Dental plates distinct. Small open septalium; dorsal median septum short; crura not recorded.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)\u2013lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 726, 2a\u2013h. *T. thebesensis (FOERSTE), Ashgill, Edgewood Group, USA; a\u2013e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views from the Leeman Formation, near Thebes, Illinois, \u00d72; f\u2013h, hypotype, serial sections at 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 mm from posterior, \u00d7 12 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 726. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-194.jpg?height=1597&width=1298&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ripidiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Ripidiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ripidiorhynchus SARTENAER, 1966b, p. 2","Type_species":"Terebratula livonica von BUCH, 1834, p. 57, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal median septum short, septalium with cover plate anteriorly, crura with cross section concave dorsomedially","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian))","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian) - Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, northern Africa, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 728, 3a .*R. livonicus (von Buch), Frasnian, lectotype and paralectotypes earlier thought to come from Adsel, Latvia but because of preservation now considered by Sartenaer (1985a, p. 324) to come from Izborsk, near Pskov, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, f-n, paralectotype, serial sections 0.7, 0.79, 0.94, 1.12, 1.35, 1.5, 1.75, 2.45, 2.85 ~mm from posterior, x4.5 (Sartenaer, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 728. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1075-1077).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-196.jpg?height=1456&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemiplethorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Hemiplethorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemiplethorhynchus von Peetz, 1898, p. 178","Type_species":"H. fallax, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Greenockia Brown, 1952, p. 91 (type, G. snaringensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Greenockia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, moderately biconvex. Beak small, erect to incurved, delthyrium with deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus rather weak, but distinct anterior tongue present. Costae fine to medium, simple, angular, from beaks. Dental plates concave medially and slightly convergent ventrally. Dorsal median septum long, low, septalium without cover but anteriorly from septalium, crural bases meet medially, distal parts of crura with V-shaped cross section, open dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Altai, Europe, China, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 729a-l. *H. fallax, upper Tournaisian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Altai, x1 (Sarytcheva & others, 1963), e-l, hypotype, serial sections 1.6, 2.5, 2.85, 3.35, 3.5, 3.7, 4.35, 4.9 ~mm from posterior, Kuznetzk basin, x3 (Sartenaer, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & others, 1963, \nSartenaer, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 729. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1076-1077).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-197.jpg?height=666&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthorhynchula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Orthorhynchulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthorhynchula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthorhynchula Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 181","Type_species":"Orthis? linneyi JAMES, 1881, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, ventral interarea prominent, delthyrium open, Fold and sulcus moderate, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, serrate, Costae rounded, simple, from beaks, Dental plates fused to valve walls, ventral muscle field quadrate, Very short septalium supported on median ridge, hinge plates divided, prolonged anteriorly, concave ventrally, cardinal process septiform to lobate, crural bases subhorizontal","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, ?western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 730, 1 a-m .* O. linneyi (James), Ashgill, Maysvillian, Kentucky, USA, a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, x1.5, f-g, hypotypes, dorsal valve interior and ventral valve interior, Brannon Formation, Devils Hollow, Coletown, x1.5 (new), h-m, serial sections 13.2, 13.0, 12.8, 12.5, 12.3, 12.0\"","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 730. orthorhynchulidae (p. 1078-1081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-198.jpg?height=1877&width=1286&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eocoelia NIKIFOROVA, 1961, p. 252","Type_species":"Atrypa hemisphaerica J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 637, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transversely elliptical outline with subbiconvex to planoconvex profile, delthyrium open, weak ventral fold and dorsal sulcus often evident, or merely weak narrow trough on dorsal valve, anterior commissure rectimarginate, costae simple, strong, rounded, extending from beaks, dental plates short to absent, teeth arising from posterior valve walls and bear fossettes on median face, muscle scars not impressed, dorsal valve with short, robust socket plates bounding deep, divergent sockets, broad, low median ridge reflecting exterior trough, muscle field not impressed, costae strongly reflected internally, cardinal process rare to absent","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (lower Llandovery)-middle Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 733, 3a-g. *E. hemisphaerica (Sowerby), upper Llandovery, Cowleigh Park Beds, Worcestershire, Ankerdine Hill, England, a, original illustration of Sowerby (1839), x1, b, lectotype, ventral external mold of a, X2 (Murchison, 1839), c, dorsal external mold, d-e, ventral internal mold and latex cast, f g, dorsal internal mold and latex cast, x4 (Ziegler, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Murchison, 1839, \nZiegler, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 733. leptocoeliidae (p. 1081-1083).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-203.jpg?height=1672&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Latonotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Latonotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Latonotoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 244","Type_species":"Terebratula latona BARRANDE, 1847, p. 89, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large with elongate to subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, lateral margins acute. Beak suberect, foramen hypothyrid, bounded anteriorly by large, disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus narrow, often asymmetrical, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue tapering dorsally, dentate. Costae strong, simple, sharply angular, from beaks. Dental plates close to valve wall or cavities filled with callus, teeth stout. Hinge plates underlain by callus, inner socket ridges thick, sessile, dorsal septum absent, cardinal process septiform, crura unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, Urals, Altai, Salair, Tadzikhistan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 734, 3a-i. *L. latona (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Zlaty kun Hill, Bohemia, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1992), d-i, serial sections 17.7, 17.0, 16.3, 16.0, 15.3, 14.8 ~mm from anterior, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1992, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 734. machaerariidae (p. 1083-1086).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-204.jpg?height=1874&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sicorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sicorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sicorhyncha HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 28","Type_species":"Stegerhynchus trinacrius HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 571, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with elongate trigonal outline, posterolateral margins emarginate, weakly biconvex profile with lateral margins low, rounded. Beak short, straight, delthyrium small with deltidial plates conjunct, foramen permesothyrid to epithyrid. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, tongue low, dentate. Costae fine, angular, from beaks, some bifurcation and intercalation. Dental plates largely fused to valve walls. Hinge plates small, triangular, posteriorly sessile, dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process septiform, crura strongly curved, laterally flattened. Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian): Europe, Morocco, Urals, Salair, Tadzhikistan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, Urals, Salair, Tadzhikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 736, 1ah. *S. trinacria (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Emsian, Zlichov Limestone, Hlubocepy, Bohemia, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2.3, d, hypotype, dorsal valve interior, x3.9 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992), e-f, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x2.5, g, dorsal valve interior, h, ventral valve interior, x2.8 (Havli\u010dek, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992, \nHavli\u010dek, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 736. machaerariidae (p. 1086-1089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-207.jpg?height=1162&width=1291&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phoenicitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Phoenicitoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phoenicitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phoenicitoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 242","Type_species":"Terebratula phoenix BARRANDE, 1847, p. 75, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to transversely ovate outline, equibiconvex, lateral and anterior margins precipitous. Beak erect, foramen open, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Fold and sulcus weak, from midlength, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, denticulate. Costae few, strong, subangular, restricted to lateral and anterior margins. Dental plates short, slender. Dorsal median septum high, long, septalium long, wide, without cover plate, crural bases subtriangular.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 738, 2a-m.*P. phoenix (BARRANDE), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Bohemia; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Koneprusy, \u00d73.5 (new); f\u2013i, hypotype, serial sections 8.6, 8.55, 8.5, 8.4 mm from anterior, \u00d73 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1961); j\u2013m, hypotype, serial sections showing crural bases, \u00d77.5 (Schmidt, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 738. phoenicitoechiidae (p. 1091).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-209.jpg?height=1261&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eucharitina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eucharitina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eucharitina SCHMIDT, 1955, p. 121","Type_species":"Terebratula eucharis BARRANDE, 1847, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular outline, dorsibiconvex to convexoconcave lateral profile, lateral and anterior margins steep to vertical. Beak erect to incurved, foramen absent. Fold and sulcus low, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, wide. Costae flattened, with longitudinal grooves on lateral and anterior shell margins, commissure denticulate with marginal spines that taper uniformly to point, extending under costae of opposite valve. Dental plates very short, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, divided by small septum. Septalium small, filled by large cardinal process that is multilobed posteriorly but massively bilobed anteriorly, crura long, slender, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 740,1a\u2013i. *E. eucharis (B ARRANDE ), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; e\u2013i, hypotype, serial sections 29.1, 29.0, 28.9, 28.7, 28.6 mm from anterior (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1961). \u2014\u2014Fig . 740,1j\u2013p. E. oehlerti (B AYLE ), Pragian, Saint-Cen\u00e9r\u00e9 section, northwestern France; j\u2013m, hypotype, serial sections 1.1, 2.0, 2.6, 2.9 mm from posterior, \u00d7 1.8; n\u2013p, serial sections 6.4, 7.2, 8.7 mm from posterior of another hypotype, \u00d7 1.3 (Brice, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 740. uncinulidae (p. 1092-1097).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-213.jpg?height=1832&width=1299&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Flabellulirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Flabellulirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Flabellulirostrum SARTENAER, 1971a, p. 5","Type_species":"Uncinulus wolmericus VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with subcircular to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen mesothyrid, Fold and sulcus arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue medium to high, trapezoid, projecting, Costae simple, strong on fold and in sulcus, weaker on flanks, separated by narrow grooves, short marginal spines present, Dental plates short to absent, ventral muscle field narrow, in thick callus, Hinge plates short, breaking up early, cardinal process large with longitudinal lobes, dorsal median septum long, high, dorsal muscle field narrow, in thick callus, crura closely set, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig . 740,2a\u2013k. *F. wolmericus (V EEVERS ), lower Frasnian, Sadler Formation, Fitzroy basin, Sadler Ridge, Western Australia; a\u2013b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views; c\u2013e, hypotype, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; f\u2013k, serial sections 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.35, 1.8, 3.5 mm from posterior, \u00d73.2 (Veevers, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 740. uncinulidae (p. 1092-1097).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-213.jpg?height=1832&width=1299&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Markitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Markitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Markitoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 81","Type_species":"Uncinulus (U.) marki HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 568, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, biconvex with truncated anterior and lateral margins. Beak suberect, foramen mesothyrid, bounded by conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak, tongue high, rounded to rectangular. Most of valves smooth, costae arising close to anterior and lateral margins, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, spines at commissure. Dental plates thin, close to valve walls, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum low, long, septalium small, with arched cover plate anteriorly and filled posteriorly with very high, rodlike cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 741, 2a-i. *M. marki (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Zlichov Limestone, Hlubocepy, Bohemia, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, c, anterior view, x2.4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956), d-e, serial sections, x7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961), f- i, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x4.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 741. uncinulidae (p. 1095).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-215.jpg?height=1578&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plethorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plethorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plethorhyncha Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 191","Type_species":"*Rhynchonella speciosa Hall, 1857a, p. 81, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 99","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with elongate oval outline, inflated, lateral and anterior margins vertical. Beak incurved, foramen absent, squamae and glottae prominent. Fold and sulcus weak, tongue low, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, zigzag denticulation. Costae arising at beaks, simple, flattened anteriorly where they bear grooves that accommodate marginal spines. Dental plates absent or obscured by callus, teeth attached to valve walls, ventral muscle field elongate, deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum extending to valve midlength, septalium small, open, large bilobed cardinal process, crura short, straight. Lower Devonian (Emsian): North America, ?Eu-rope.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, ?Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig.742, 1a\u2013h. *P. speciosa (H ALL ), Oriskanian, Cumberland, Maryland, USA; a\u2013c, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d70.8; d, interior of ventral valve; e, interior of young dorsal valve, \u00d71; f, interior of mature dorsal valve, \u00d70.8 (Hall & Clarke, 1895); g, interior of silici\ufb01ed dorsal fragment showing cardinalia, \u00d7 1.6; h, interior of silici\ufb01ed ventral fragment showing teeth and muscle \ufb01eld, \u00d71.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 742. uncinulidae (p. 1095-1098).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-216.jpg?height=1710&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clarkeia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Clarkeia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clarkeia KOZLOWSKI, 1923, p. 86","Type_species":"Terebratula antisiensis D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1849, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and moderately biconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, dorsal beak filling remainder of delthyrium, Fold and sulcus distinct, low, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, wide, trapezoid to rounded, serrate, Costae coarse, variable in width, rounded, arising at beaks, Dental plates short, thick, ventrally divergent, usually evident but may be obscured by callus, ventral muscle area well impressed, bisected by low myophragm, diductor scars ovate to flabellate, large, adductor scars surrounded by diductor scars, Cardinal process large, tonguelike, bilobed, trilobed, or tetralobed, median myophragm extending to about midlength, adductor field large, elongate, quadripartite with oblique ridges between posterior and anterior adductors, crural bases stout, merging with cardinal process dorsolaterally, crura short, tapering, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"South America, western Africa, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 744, 1ah. * C. antisiensis (d'Orbigny), Wenlock, South America, a-b, hypotype, dorsal and ventral views, Bolivia, x1, c-d, dorsal and ventral valve interior, Bolivia, x2 (Kozlowski, 1923), e-f, dorsal and anterior views, San Juan Province, Argentina, x2, g, latex cast of dorsal valve internal mold showing cardinal process and crural bases, San Juan Province, Argentina, x3, h, latex cast of ventral valve internal mold showing dental plates and muscle field, San Juan Province, Argentina, x3 (Cocks, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kozlowski, 1923, \nCocks, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 744. eatoniidae (p. 1098-1101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-218.jpg?height=1790&width=1294&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plagiorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plagiorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plagiorhyncha MCLEARN, 1918, p. 138","Type_species":"Rhynchonella glassii Davidson, 1883, p. 155, OD, =Atrypa depressa J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 629, subj.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with subcircular outline, lateral margins flat or recurved ventrally, posterior margin of some dorsal valves recurved to be concave dorsally. Delthyrium triangular, open. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, undulate. Costae weak, broad, extending from umbones, fine costellae usually present. Dental plates cemented to valve walls, teeth small, rounded, ventral muscle field large, deeply impressed, scalloped outline, bounded by marked border, diductor muscle field divided by myophragm, adductor field small, elongate oval, enclosed by diductors. Hinge plates merge posteriorly with bilobed cardinal process, sockets distinct, bounded by socket ridges laterally, low median septum extending one-half valve length, adductor muscle field with small oval posterior adductors and larger elongate anterior adductors.","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe, eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 743, 3a-f. *P. glassii (Davidson), upper Llandovery, Ross Brook Formation, Middle Member, Nova Scotia, Pictou County, Arisaig, Canada, a-b, external and internal mold of ventral valve, x2, c-d, internal mold and latex impression of ventral valve, e-f, internal mold and latex impression of dorsal valve, x1.5 (Harper, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper, 1973","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hebetoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Hebetoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hebetoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 79","Type_species":"Terebratula hebe BARRANDE, 1847, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex to subglobular. Beak erect to incurved, squamae and glottae absent, foramen small, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold and sulcus low, from umbones, high rectangular tongue, dentate. Costae arising on umbones, rounded, simple, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines short. Dental plates converging slightly ventrally. Dorsal median septum short, low, calluslike cardinal process sometimes present in posterior part of septalium, may be bilobed anteriorly, but cardinal process absent in some species, crural bases subhorizontal.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Asia, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 747, 1a-m. *H. hebe (Barrande), upper Silurian, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed Limestone, Dlouha Hora, Bohemia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x2.7 (new), f-i, hypotype, serial sections 9.9, 9.7, 9.5, 9.4 ~mm from anterior, x3 (Havli\u010dek, 1961), j-m, serial sections 10.35, 10.1, 9.95, 9.5 ~mm from anterior of different hypotype (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1961, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 747. hebetoechiidae (p. 1104-1106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-225.jpg?height=1844&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lanceomyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Lanceomyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lanceomyonia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 243","Type_species":"Terebratula tarda BARRANDE, 1847, p. 85, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cratorhynchonella Tong, 1982, p. 333 (type, C. biconvexa, OD)","Synonyms":"Cratorhynchonella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular to subpentagonal outline. Beak incurved, foramen absent. Fold and sulcus developed anteriorly, umbones smooth, tongue strong, rectangular. Costae broad, low, longitudinally grooved at paries geniculatus, marginal spines present. Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum high, long, septalium open. Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): Europe, northern Africa, Asia, North America, Australia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Asia, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 748, 1a-g. * L. tarda (Barrande), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed Limestone, Dvorce, Bohemia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-g, hypotype, serial sections 20.7, 20.0, 19.8 mm from anterior, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 748. hebetoechiidae (p. 1105).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-226.jpg?height=1832&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphaerirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Sphaerirhynchiinae","Genus":"Sphaerirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphaerirhynchia Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Wilsonella Nikiforova, 1937a, p. 35, non Carter, 1885","Type_species":"Terebratula wilsoni SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, globular. Beak suberect to incurved, foramen in younger specimens mesothyrid, circular, deltidial plates incipient, in older specimens foramen obscured by curvature of beak, squamae and glottae absent. Fold and sulcus very weak, tongue high, rectangular. Costae arising at beaks, fine, rarely splitting, grooved distally, marginal spines present. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum long, septalium short, lacking cover, cardinal process absent, crura long, thin.","Beginning_age":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Salair, Altai, China, Australia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 749, 1a-n. *from posterior, x2.2 (new), n, sketch of part of the paries geniculatus and marginal spines, based on serial sections, approximately x2.5 (Westbroek, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Davidson, 1869, \nWestbroek, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 749. hebetoechiidae (p. 1105-1108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-228.jpg?height=1303&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kransia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Betterbergiinae","Genus":"Kransia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kransia WESTBROEK, 1968, p. 81","Type_species":"Terebratula parallelepipeda BRONN, 1837, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A fossil with a subpentagonal outline and strongly biconvex profile, it has an erect beak and a well-developed mesothyrid foramen with small, conjunct deltidial plates, squamae and glottae are present, the fold and sulcus are weak, with a high, rounded tongue, the costae are simple, arising on umbones, flattened anteriorly, and grooved to accommodate long marginal spines, the dental plates are short, subparallel, and close to valve walls, the ventral muscle scars are deeply impressed in a thick shell, the dorsal median septum is low and long, and the septalium is short, the cardinal process bears several longitudinal ridges, the hinge plates are united anterior of the septalium","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Afghanistan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 754, 2a-m. *K. parallelepipeda (Bronn), Givetian, a, hypotype, dorsal view, x3, b, hypotype, anterior view, c, lateral view of another hypotype, x3, d-k, hypotype, serial sections 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7 ~mm from posterior, upper Givetian, northwestern France, x4 (Brice & Morzadec, 1983), l, reconstruction of apical interior, based on serial sections, m, reconstruction of marginal spines, based on serial sections (Westbroek, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice & Morzadec, 1983, \nWestbroek, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 754. hebetoechiidae (p. 1111).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-233.jpg?height=1477&width=1275&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Primipilaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Betterbergiinae","Genus":"Primipilaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Primipilaria STRUVE, 1992, p. 549","Type_species":"Terebratula primipilaris von BUCH, 1834, p. 88, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular outline, biconvex profile, inflated anteriorly. Beak erect, mesothyrid foramen with conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus medium size, anterior commissure with high, rounded tongue, articulation with squamae and glottae well developed. Costae fine, arising at beaks, multiplying, flattened anteriorly and grooved, long marginal spines, commissure without zigzag deflections. Dental plates short, subparallel, close to valve walls, ventral muscle scars deeply impressed in thick shell, separated by median myophragm. Dorsal median septum thick, low, extending to valve midlength, septalium short, filled by cardinal process bearing longitudinal ridges, hinge plates united anterior of septalium. Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 755, 1a-g. *P. primipilaris (von Buch), Givetian, Skaly Beds, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, a, hypotype, dorsal view, x2.7, b, hypotype, lateral view, x2.1, c, anterior view of another hypotype, d, ventral view of another hypotype, e, dorsal interior, f, ventral interior, x2.5 (Biernat, 1966), g, reconstruction of paries geniculatus and marginal spines, based on serial sections, approximately x2.5 (Westbroek, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Biernat, 1966, \nWestbroek, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 755. hebetoechiidae (p. 1111-1112).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-234.jpg?height=1332&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obturamentella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Obturamentellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Obturamentella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obturamentella AMSDEN, 1958, p. 99","Type_species":"Wilsonia wadei DUNBAR, 1919, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular outline, biconvex profile. Beak suberect, delthyrium with well-developed foramen and deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus from about midlength, tongue high, narrow, rectangular. Costae coarse, rounded in section, arising at umbones, marginal spines short. Dental plates not distinguishable in thick shell material, teeth supported by shell wall, ventral muscle field deeply impressed and divided by long, low ventral median myophragm. Dorsal median septum low, short, septalium rudimentary, filled with callus that forms bilobed or variable cardinal process posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 757, 2a-j. *O. wadei (Dunbar), Lochkovian, Oklahoma, Tennessee, USA, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, Oklahoma, x2, d-e, lectotype, anterior and ventral views, Ross Limestone, Grandview, Tennessee, x2, f, hypotype, ventral interior, mathbfX3, ~ g-i, serial sections at 0.5, 1.0, 1.3 ~mm from posterior, x4, j, enlarged view of dorsal part of h, showing shell structure, x12 (Amsden, 1958).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 757. obturamentellidae (p. 1117).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-237.jpg?height=1219&width=1293&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Corvinopugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Corvinopugnacinae","Genus":"Corvinopugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Corvinopugnax HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 36","Type_species":"Rhynchonella corvina BARRANDE, 1847, p. 70, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline, subcuboid with steep lateral and anterior margins, beak incurved, fold and sulcus distinct, from midlength, tongue wide, rectangular, costae strong, simple, restricted to anterior third of shell, rounded in profile except on paries geniculatus where flattened and grooved, marginal spines well developed, dental plates short, convergent ventrally, dorsal median ridge short and low, hinge plates divided, septalium, median septum, and cardinal process absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 759a-i. *C. corvinus (Barrande), upper Emsian, Suchomasty Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d7 2 (new), f-i, serial sections, \u00d7 3 (Havli\u010dek, 1961)., Fig. 759j-p. C. crassus (Le Maitre), lower Eifelian, Morocco, serial sections 1.15, 1.55, 1.8, 2.1, 2.5, 2.8, 3.1 mm from posterior, \u00d7 8 (Drot, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1961, \nDrot, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 759. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1118).\nfig. 759. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1118).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-239.jpg?height=1040&width=1289&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-239.jpg?height=1040&width=1289&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossinotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Glossinotoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glossinotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossinotoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 79","Type_species":"Terebratula henrici BARRANDE, 1847, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline with acuminate posterior angle, ventral valve flat to concave, dorsal valve highly inflated, anterior and lateral margins sharply truncated in adults. Beak straight, mesothyrid foramen with conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak to absent but tongue high and rectangular, squamae and glottae poorly developed. Costae arising at beaks, rounded in profile but flattened and grooved anteriorly. Dental plates distinct but close to shell walls. Dorsal median septum long, low, thick, septalium completely filled with callus, large multilobed to linguiform cardinal process. Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian): Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Siberia, China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 763, 1 a-k . * G. henrici (Barrande), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-k, serial sections 13.4, 13.2, 13.0, 12.8, 12.6, 12.2, 12.0 ~mm from anterior, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 763. glossinotoechiidae (p. 1124-1126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-244.jpg?height=326&width=185&top_left_y=1708&top_left_x=1292)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossinulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Glossinotoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glossinulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossinulus SCHMIDT, 1942, p. 394","Type_species":"Rhynchonella adolf mimica Barrande, 1879b, p. 178, OD,  = Glossinulus mimicus (BARRANDE), 1879b, p. 178","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Triangular outline, posteriorly acuminate, tabular profile, flattened to concave ventral valve with low median fold, flattened to slightly convex dorsal valve with gentle median sulcus, truncated anterior and lateral margins, tongue high, rectangular. Beak suberect, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Costae fine, arising on umbones, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, spines at anterior and lateral margins. Dental plates very short, close to shell wall, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, low ventral median myophragm. Dorsal median septum low, septalium wide, filled posteriorly with high, linguiform cardinal process bearing fine longitudinal ridges, inner socket ridges prominent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian) - Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 764a-m. * G. mimicus (Barrande), Emsian, Eifel, Germany, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1 (Schmidt, 1965b), d-m, serial sections 6.9, 6.6, 6.4, 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.0, 5.9, 5.8, 5.7 ~mm from anterior, x4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1965, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 764. glossinotoechiidae (p. 1126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-245.jpg?height=734&width=1287&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glosshypothyridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glosshypothyridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glosshypothyridina RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1978, p. 180","Type_species":"Rhynchonella procuboides KAYSER, 1871, p. 513, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, dorsal valve very inflated, ventral valve almost flat. Beak erect. Fold and sulcus pronounced, from umbones, tongue rectangular. Costae fine, numerous, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus. Dental plates very short, ventrally convergent. Septalium and dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process low, bilobed, hinge plates horizontal, divided anterior of cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany, Belgium, European Russia, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 766, 1 a-j. *G. procuboides (Kayser), Eifel, Germany, a-b, holotype, anterior and lateral views, lower Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Formation, x1 (Kayser, 1871), c-f, serial sections, lower Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Formation, x2.5 (Schmidt, 1941a), g-j, serial sections 16.9, 16.7, 16.5, 16.4 ~mm from anterior, x5 (Schmidt, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kayser, 1871, \nSchmidt, 1941, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 766. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-248.jpg?height=1315&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lorangerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lorangerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lorangerella CRICKMAY, 1963, p. 10","Type_species":"L. phaulomorpha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size with subcircular outline and lenticular to subglobose profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen minute, Fold and sulcus weak but subrectangular tongue distinct, Valves mostly smooth, with low, rounded costae developed only at the anterior margin, costae grooved at the commissure, Dental plates very short, divergent ventrally, Cardinal process small, multilobed, close to the posterior apex, supported by a short median ridge, Hinge plates short, divided, septalium absent, crura curved sharply ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 765, 2a-m. * L. phaulomorpha, lower Frasnian, Waterways Formation, Alberta, Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x2.3 (Crickmay, 1963), f-m, serial sections 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 1.9 ~mm from posterior, x5 (McLaren, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Crickmay, 1963, \nMcLaren, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 765. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127-1129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-247.jpg?height=1620&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uchtella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Uchtella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uchtella LJASCHENKO, 1973, p. 50","Type_species":"Hypothyridina praesemilukiana LJASCHENKO, 1958, p. 130, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and strongly dorsibiconvex to subglobose profile, lateral and anterior margins steep to vertical. Beak small, incurved. Fold and sulcus weak posteriorly but distinct anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, high, subrectangular to rounded. Valves smooth posteriorly but with low, rounded costae developed from about midlength, costae flattened and grooved anteriorly and especially on paries geniculatus. Dental plates very short. Hinge plates short, divided. Dorsal median septum absent. Cardinal process not recorded. Upper Devonian (Frasnian): European Russia, Urals.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"European Russia, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 766, 2a-e. *U. praesemilukiana (LJASCHENKO), upper Timanski bed, southern Timan, Ukhtinsk region, European Russia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x1, d-e, transverse sections near posterior, approximately x6 (Ljaschenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ljaschenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 766. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-248.jpg?height=1315&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Leiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leiorhynchus HALL, 1860a, p. 75","Type_species":"Orthis quadracostata Vanuxem, 1842, p. 168, SD OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1308","Synonyms_with_authors":"Liorhynchus Oehlert, 1887a, p. 1308, obj., non Rudolphi, 1801, Nudirostra Cooper & Muir-Wood, 1951, p. 195, obj.","Synonyms":"Liorhynchus, Nudirostra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of brachiopods with a subcircular to transversely ovate outline and biconvex profile. The beak is incurved, and the foramen is small and permesothyrid. The fold and sulcus are low and arise at midlength, with a gently uniplicate anterior commissure. Costae are low and simple, most pronounced on the fold and sulcus, and weak on the flanks. Dental plates are strongly convergent ventrally, occasionally forming a spondylium duplex, and the ventral muscle field is often in a thick callus or deeply impressed. The dorsal median septum is long and high, supporting a short septalium. Hinge plates are divided anteriorly, and the dorsal muscle field is narrow, usually with marginal thickening. Crura are long, thin, and slightly curved ventrally, with a narrow trough opening ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, eastern Europe, Urals, Altai, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 771, 1a-o. *L. quadracostata (VANUXEm), uppermost Givetian, Sherburne Flagstone, Sheldrake, New York, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views of internal mold, Cornell specimen no. 40605, listed by Sartenaer, 1961f, p. 969, x1.5 (new), f-o, serial sections 0.45, 0.8, 0.85, 0.95, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.5, 1.8, 3.03 ~mm from posterior, x3.2 (Sartenaer, 1961f).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 771. leiorhynchidae (p. 1133-1136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-254.jpg?height=1771&width=1281&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caryorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Caryorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caryorhynchus CRICKMAY, 1952b, p. 1","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus carya CRICKMAY, 1952a, p. 599, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex to globular profile. Beak incurved, foramen small, semicircular, epithyridid. Fold and sulcus moderately developed, arising at umbones, anterior commissure broad, tongue moderately high, trapezoid, serrated. Fold with 2 pairs of costae separated by a sinus, sulcus with 3 costae, the median one wider than others, flanks almost smooth. Dental plates short, converging ventrally, usually obscured by thick callus, ventral muscle field narrow, well impressed. Hinge plates short, divided, dorsal median septum high, long, dorsal muscle field narrow, well impressed, crura closely set, ventrally curved, laterally flattened distally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (-upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig . 772,1a\u2013q. *C. carya (C RICKMAY ), middle Frasnian, Perdix Formation, Alberta, Canada; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71.3; e\u2013h, hypotype, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; i, enlargement of posterior, \u00d73; jm, hypotype, serial sections, \u00d7 2.2 (Crickmay, 1952b); n\u2013q, serial sections 1.0, 1.5, 2.1, 4.2 mm from posterior, \u00d71.5 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 772. leiorhynchidae (p. 1134-1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-256.jpg?height=1835&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoparaphorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Eoparaphorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoparaphorhynchus SARTENAER, 1961c, p. 2","Type_species":"E. maclareni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, foramen small, circular, Fold and sulcus strong, from beaks, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, serrate, Costae angular, strong on fold and sulcus, weaker on flanks, Surface with fine radial striae, Dental plates short, close to walls, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field impressed, flabellate, to midlength, with stout myophragm, Septalium short, narrow, deep, hinge plates divided, horizontal, dorsal median septum high, stout, extending to one-third valve length, dorsal muscle field transversely ovate, divided by septum, crura short, curved ventrally, V-shaped cross section open dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, Europe, Kazakhstan, Pamir, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 771, 2a-j. *E. maclareni, Northwest Territories, Root River, Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-j, serial sections 1.65, 2.2, 3.6, 5.2, 5.8 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1961c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 771. leiorhynchidae (p. 1133-1136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-254.jpg?height=1771&width=1281&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Evanescirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Evanescirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Evanescirostrum SARTENAER, 1965b, p. 8","Type_species":"Nudirostra gibbosa seversoni MCLAREN, 1954, p. 180, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, pierced by small foramen, Fold and sulcus strong, arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, broad, serrate, Costae strong, angular, simple, weak on flanks, Dental plates short, near walls, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field well impressed, Septalium short, well developed, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum long, high, crura long, ventrally curved, tip with trough-shaped cross section open dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, Europe, Afghanistan, Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 772, 3a-l. *E. seversoni (McLaren), lower Famennian, Palliser Formation, Alberta, Banff Park, western Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, f-l, serial sections 1.4, 1.6, 2.05, 2.3, 2.7, 3.75, 4.1 mm from posterior, x2.3 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 772. leiorhynchidae (p. 1134-1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-256.jpg?height=1835&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ryocarhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Ryocarhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ryocarhynchus SARTENAER, 1984b, p. 7","Type_species":"Camarophoria tumida KAYSER, 1872, p. 695, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex to globular profile, Beak incurved, foramen small, semicircular, epithyrid, Fold and sulcus moderate to strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure broad, tongue moderately high, trapezoid, Fold typically with pair of wide costae separated by sinus, sulcus with single costa, flanks almost smooth, Shell walls very thick, Dental plates absent, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed, Dorsal median septum high, long, very thick posteriorly and along its ventral edge, thin anteriorly, septalium wide, short, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, dorsal muscle field narrow, divided by low ridge, crura closely set, thin, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 777, 1 a-j .*R. tumidus (Kayser), \"Matagne\" Shales, Fragnes, Belgium, a-d, paralectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-j, serial sections 2.0, 2.1, 2.45, 2.6, 2.9, 3.1 ~mm from posterior, x1.4 (Sartenaer, 1968b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 777. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142-1144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-264.jpg?height=1845&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":373.44,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenuisinurostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Tenuisinurostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenuisinurostrum SARTENAER, 1967, p. 2","Type_species":"Camarophoria crenulata GOSSELET, 1877b, p. 316, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline, moderately biconvex profile. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid. Fold and sulcus moderate, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue rounded to recti- marginate. Costae few, weak, flanks almost smooth. Dental plates absent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Hinge plates divided anterior of short septalium, dorsal median septum short and thin, crura laterally compressed, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 778, 1a-n. *T. crenulatum (Gosselet), Senzeilles section, upper Palmatolepis triangularis Zone, railway cutting northwest of Senzeilles tunnel, Belgium, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-n, serial sections 0.85 , 1.05, 1.15, 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 3.0, 3.15, 3.35, 3.4 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSartenaer, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 778. leiorhynchidae (p. 1144-1147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-265.jpg?height=1879&width=1299&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yocrarhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Yocrarhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yocrarhynchus SARTENAER, 1995, p. 117","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus orientalis CHEN, 1978a, p. 326, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subrounded outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, with small foramen, deltidial plates evident in sections, Fold and sulcus strong, arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low to moderate, serrate, Costae strong, rounded to subangular, simple, weak on flanks, Dental plates short, near walls, convergent ventrally, occasionally meeting near valve floor to form low ventral median septum that may continue anteriorly to hinge area as low median ridge, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, Teeth simple, short, thick, Hinge plates short, horizontal, septalium barely developed, dorsal median septum high posteriorly, thinning anteriorly and extending to about one-third valve length, bordered by well-impressed muscle field, crura short, thin, ventrally curved, tip V-shaped in cross section, open dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"China, northeastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 778, 2a-o. *Y. orientalis (Chen), lower Frasnian, Tuqiaozi Formation, Tuqiaozi, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, China, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1 (Chen, 1984), fo, serial sections of topotype 1.7, 2.3, 2.55, 2.75, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.7, 5.8, 7.6 ~mm from dorsal umbo, x1.5 (Sartenaer, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen, 1984, \nSartenaer, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 778. leiorhynchidae (p. 1144-1147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-265.jpg?height=1879&width=1299&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pachancorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Fenestrirostrinae","Genus":"Pachancorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pachancorhynchia BRICE, 1986, p. 121","Type_species":"* P. leviniensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, dorsal valve strongly inflated. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low. Costae numerous, weak on umbones. Dental plates very short, partly obscured by callus, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, thick, septalium long, deep, hinge plates united, narrow, crura closely set. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 780, 2a-k. * P. leviniensis, Noulette Formation, Artois, Li\u00e9vin, France, a-b, holotype, posterior and dorsal views, x1, c-i, serial sections 0.8, 1.5, 1.9, 2.5, 2.9, 3.9, 5.2 mm from posterior, x1.7 (Brice, 1986), j-k, ventral valve internal molds showing muscle field, x2 (Barrois, Pruvost, & Dubois, 1922).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1986, \nBarrois, Pruvost, & Dubois, 1922","figure_index":"fig. 780. leiorhynchidae (p. 1148-1149).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-267.jpg?height=1155&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calvinaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Calvinaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calvinaria STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 43","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ambigua CALVIN, 1878, p. 729, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with markedly transversely ovate outline, Biconvex profile with lateral and anterior slopes low, Beak incurved, foramen oval, Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure broadly uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, serrate, Costae broad, arising near umbones, present on fold, sulcus, and flanks, Dental plates convergent ventrally, often obscured by thick callus, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, Dorsal median septum long, thin, high, septalium short, narrow, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crura long, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, northern Africa, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 783, 1 a-j. *C. ambigua (Calvin), upper Frasnian, Iowa, USA, a-b, hypotype, dorsal and posterior views, Amana Beds, Amana, x1.2, c, holotype, ventral view, Independence Shale, Independence, d, hypotype, anterior view, Independence Shale, Brandon, x1 (Stainbrook, 1945), e-j, serial sections 2.6, 2.7, 2.95, 3.3, 3.5, 3.8 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stainbrook, 1945, \nSartenaer, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 783. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-271.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Canavirilia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Canavirilia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Canavirilia SARTENAER, 1994, p. 97","Type_species":"C. atrousensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with transversely ovate, anteriorly emarginate outline, dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins moderately steep but not truncated, dorsal valve inflated posteriorly and anteriorly. Beak incurved, foramen with deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, subacuminate. Costae very broad, arising at umbones, mostly on fold and sulcus, rare on flanks. Dental plates short, strongly convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, thin, septalium short, hinge plates dividing early, crura closely set, long, rodlike for much of length. Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian): Morocco, Europe, Urals, North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Morocco, Europe, Urals, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 783, 2a-l. * C. atrousensis, Tafilalt, Morocco, a-d, holotype, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-l, serial sections 0.6, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.45, 1.55, 1.8, 2.3 ~mm from posterior, x2.3 (Sartenaer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 783. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-271.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Navalicria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Navalicria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Navalicria SARTENAER, 1989, p. 66","Type_species":"N. compacta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate, anteriorly emarginate outline, dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated, flanks not steep. Beak slightly incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates narrow. Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate to biplicate, tongue high, trapezoid. Costae low, simple, rounded, arising anterior of umbones, approximately 2 costae on fold, 1 in sulcus, flanks smooth. Dental plates incipient, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed. Septalium short, small, hinge plates divided, dorsal septum long, high, thin, dorsal muscle field narrow, crura long, thin, slightly curved ventrally, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe, western Canada, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 783, 3 a-m. *N. compacta, middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian, Schistes gris with Reticularia pachyrhyncha, Ardennes, near Frasnes, Belgium, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, f-m, serial sections 0.55, 0.95, 1.15, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 3.7 mm from posterior, \u00d7 3.2 (Sartenaer, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 783. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-271.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plionoptycherhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Plionoptycherhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plionoptycherhynchus SARTENAER, 1979a, p. 537","Type_species":"P. exformosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, with transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, gentle lateral slopes. Beak erect, foramen obscured by dorsal umbo. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, serrate. Costae distinct, subangular, simple, extending from umbones, present on fold, sulcus, and flanks. Dental plates absent, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed in thick shell material. Dorsal median septum long, high, thick, septalium short, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, crura curved ventrally, tips laterally flattened.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 784, 2a-j. * P. exformosus, upper lower Frasnian, Givet, Chapel of Notre Dame de Walcourt, northeastern France, a- d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Sartenaer, 1979a), e-j, serial sections 1.8, 2.05, 2.3, 2.45, 3.15, 4.10 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1979, \nSartenaer, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 784. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151-1154).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-272.jpg?height=1527&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tomestenoporhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Tomestenoporhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tomestenoporhynchus SARTENAER, 1993, p. 13","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus rudkini LJASCHENKO, 1959, p. 151, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal, transversely ovate outline, curved at tips","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"European Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 785a-n. *T. rudkini (Ljaschenko), Rudkino horizon, Russian Platform, River Don, Rudkino, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, e, topotype, lateral view, x1, f-n, serial sections 2.2, 2.25, 2.45, 2.55, 3.05, 3.2, 3.4, 5.9, 6.7 ~mm from posterior, x3.25 (Sartenaer, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSartenaer, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 785. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151-1153).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-273.jpg?height=1044&width=1282&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vincalaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Vincalaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vincalaria SARTENAER, 1989, p. 61","Type_species":"Calvinaria bransoni STAINBROOK, 1948, p. 774, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral slopes moderate. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, oval. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, tongue pronounced, broadly biplicate to triplicate. Costae strong, broad, from umbones, usually 2 to 4 on fold, 1 to 3 in sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates strongly convergent ventrally, often obscured by thick callus, ventral muscle field well impressed. Septalium short, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, dorsal median septum long, low, thick, crura closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, western North America, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 784, 3a-l. *V. bransoni (Stain\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043e\u043a), middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian, Sly Gap Formation, Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA, a-b, holotype, ventral and anterior views, c, paratype, dorsal view, x1 (Stainbrook, 1948), d, hypotype, lateral view, x1 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982), e-l, serial sections 0.65, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.45, 1.55, 2.0, 3.2 ~mm from posterior, x2.7 (Sartenaer, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stainbrook, 1948, \nCooper & Dutro, 1982, \nSartenaer, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 784. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151-1154).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-272.jpg?height=1527&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platyterorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Platyterorhynchinae","Genus":"Platyterorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platyterorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 5","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus russelli MCLAREN, 1962, p. 95, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transversely ovate outline and equibiconvex, lenticular profile, Beak incurved, delthyrium with vestigial deltidial plates, foramen mesothyrid, Fold and sulcus broad, low, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, wide, Costae weak and uneven on fold and sulcus, very weak on flanks, Dental plates short, converging ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, moderately impressed, Dorsal median septum long, high, thin, septalium very short, shallow, hinge plates dividing immediately anterior of septalium, dorsal muscle field long, narrow, crura long, slender, ventrally curved, tips laterally flattened.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"western and eastern North America, western Europe, Morocco, Turkey, Russian Platform, Volga-Urals, Timan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 786, 4al. *P. russelli (McLaren), uppermost Givetian, lowermost Asymmetricus Zone, Waterways Formation, Peace River, Boyer Rapids, Alberta, Canada, a-d, holotype, dorsal, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, x1, e-l, serial sections 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.7, 3.7, 5.5 ~mm from posterior, x1.5 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"McLaren, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 786. leiorhynchidae (p. 1154-1156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-274.jpg?height=1839&width=1306&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenometoporhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Stenometoporhynchinae","Genus":"Stenometoporhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenometoporhynchus Sartenaer, 1987d, p. 126","Type_species":"Liorhynchus pavlovi Nalivkin, 1930b, p. 72, OD, non Liorhynchus pavlovi Mufke, nomem manuscriptum (see Nalivkin, 1930b, p. 73 88, and SARTENAER, 1987d, p. 126)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to scutiform outline and dorsibiconvex, galeate profile, dorsal valve inflated. Beak incurved, foramen small, apical. Fold and sulcus wide, low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, rounded, Costae weak on fold and sulcus, very weak on flanks. Dental plates short, close to shell walls, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum short, thin, septalium absent, hinge plates very short, divided, dorsal muscle field narrow, weakly impressed, crura long, slender, closely set, ventrally curved, V-shaped distally with open side directed ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"European Russia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 786, 1a-n. *S. pavlovi (Nalivkin), Semiluki beds, Voronezh, Semiluki, European Russia, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1 (Nalivkin, 1930b), f-n, serial sections 1.05, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.75, 4.65, 4.9 ~mm from posterior, x1.7 (Sartenaer, 1987d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nalivkin, 1930, \nSartenaer, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 786. leiorhynchidae (p. 1154-1156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-274.jpg?height=1839&width=1306&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Basilicorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Basilicorhynchinae","Genus":"Basilicorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Basilicorhynchus CRICKMAY, 1952b, p. 1","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus basilicum CRICKMAY, 1952a, p. 600, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex profile, flanks and anterior very steep. Beak incurved, foramen mesohypothyrid. Fold and sulcus restricted to extreme anterior, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid to rectangular, serrate. Costae few, strong, subangular, developed only anteriorly. Dental plates long, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, septalium deep, V-shaped, hinge plates horizontal, divided anterior of septalium, crura short, slender, gutterlike distally with dorsal side open.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"western and northern Canada, Europe, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 787, 1a-k. *B. basilicus (Crickmay), upper lower Famennian, Mackenzie River, Root River, Northwest Territories, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, d, paratype, lateral view, x1, e-k, serial sections 0.4, 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 2.0 ~mm from posterior, x5 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 787. leiorhynchidae (p. 1156-1158).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-276.jpg?height=260&width=1275&top_left_y=1842&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gastrodetoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Basilicorhynchinae","Genus":"Gastrodetoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gastrodetoechia SARTENAER, 1965b, p. 2","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus utahensis KINDLE, 1908, p. 105, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline, dorsibiconvex profile. Beak erect, foramen small, circular. Fold and sulcus strong, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, angular, serrate. Costae arising on umbones, subangular, strong on fold and in sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates long, near valve walls, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium large, deep, long, V-shaped, with fragile cover, hinge plates joined by septalium, dorsal muscle field narrow, well impressed, crura curved ventrally, concave dorsally. Upper Devonian (Famennian): western North America, Europe, Iran, Armenia, Afghanistan, Algeria.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, Europe, Iran, Armenia, Afghanistan, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 787, 3a-k. *G. utahensis (Kindle), lower upper Famennian, a- c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Three Forks Formation, Montana, USA, x0.8, d- k, hypotype, serial sections 1.85, 1.95, 2.1, 2.85, 3.5, 3.8, 4.1, 5.3 ~mm from posterior, Palliser Formation, Mount Coleman, Banff Park, Alberta, Canada, x1.5 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 787. leiorhynchidae (p. 1156-1158).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-276.jpg?height=260&width=1275&top_left_y=1842&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septalaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septalaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septalaria LEIDHOLD, 1928, p. 35","Type_species":"Terebratula ascendens Steininger, 1853, p. 61, SD TORLEY, 1934, p. 74","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated. Beak sharp, incurved, foramen permesothyrid. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, high, rectangular, serrate, often projecting anterodorsally as trail. Costae low, simple, extending from umbones, weak on flanks, short marginal spines commonly developed. Dental plates very short, close to walls, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum short, high, pointed at about midlength in lateral view, with acute angle directed ventrally, septalium short, wide, partly filled by large, ridged cardinal process, hinge plates undivided for short distance anterior of septalium, crural bases arising from dorsal edge of hinge plates, crura long, straight, closely set, rodlike.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Altai, China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 789,1a\u2013e. *S. ascendens (STEININGER), Eifelian, Nohn Beds, Pr\u00fcm, Hauenborn, Germany; neotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72 (Schmidt, 1975).\u2014\u2014Fig. 789,1f\u2013p. S. subtetragona (SCHNUR), Eifelian, Nohn Beds, Pr\u00fcm, Germany; f\u2013i, serial sections 15.2, 15.0, 14.9, 14.8 mm from anterior; j\u2013k, serial sections 11.2, 11.1 mm from anterior, \u00d73.3 (Schmidt, 1965b); l\u2013p, serial sections 10.25, 10.1, 10.0, 9.8, 9.6 mm from posterior, \u00d73 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 789. septalariidae (p. 1158-1159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-279.jpg?height=1873&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bergalaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bergalaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bergalaria SCHMIDT, 1975, p. 101","Type_species":"B. bergica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, with deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus strong, arising anterior of umbones, tongue broad, medium height, trapezoid, projecting anterodorsally as trail with commissure at leading edge, Costae developed on anterior third, numerous, rounded, weak on flanks, arising from radial capillae that are present posterior of costae, Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, Dorsal median septum short, high, in lateral profile with acute point directed ventrally at about one-third septum length, hinge plates horizontal, undivided, septalium absent, cardinal process large, ridged, rounded posteriorly but dividing into 2 splayed lobes anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian-middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 790, 2a-j. *B. bergica, lower Frasnian, Herzkamper Mulde, Bergisches Land, Elberfeld, Germany, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, x2, f, paratype, surface showing capillae, x3, g-h, serial sections showing cardinal process, x5, i, transverse section showing median septum and dental plates, x4.2, j, longitudinal section showing acute angle on median septum, x3 (Schmidt, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 790. septalariidae (p. 1159-1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-280.jpg?height=1872&width=1285&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nemesa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nemesa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nemesa SCHMIDT, 1941a, p. 41","Type_species":"N. nemesana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated. Beak incurved, foramen permesothyrid. Fold and sulcus weak, from about midlength, tongue broad, low, sulciplicate to serrate. Surface smooth or with weak, broad costae developed anteriorly. Dental plates very short, close to walls. Dorsal median septum short, small cardinal process and septalium. Middle Devonian (Eifelian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 789, 3a-c. * N. nemesana, Rommersheimer Beds, Goldelsheim, Germany, holotype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.5 (Schmidt, 1941a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 789, 3d-f. N. hertae Havl\u00ed\u010dek, Hlubocepy Limestone, Hlubocepy, Bohemia, serial sections 9.55, 9.1, 8.9 ~mm from anterior, \u00d72.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 789. septalariidae (p. 1158-1159).\nfig. 789. septalariidae (p. 1158-1159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-279.jpg?height=1873&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-279.jpg?height=1873&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phlogoiderhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phlogoiderhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phlogoiderhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 18","Type_species":"Uncinulus artefactus VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 99, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and biconvex profile, gentle lateral slopes. Beak erect, foramen minute, circular. Fold and sulcus broad, extending from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue variable, trapezoid to rounded, generally highest part of shell. Dental plates absent, teeth large, widely separated, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium not developed, hinge plates incipient, crura long, slender, arising very early at extreme posterior of valve, thin and delicate, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Europe, China, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 790, 3a-i. * P. artefactus (Veevers), lower Frasnian, Sadler Formation, Fitzroy Basin, Sadler Ridge, Western Australia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-i, serial sections 0.7, 0.85, 1.25, 1.95, 2.5 ~mm from posterior, x1 (Veevers, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Veevers, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 790. septalariidae (p. 1159-1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-280.jpg?height=1872&width=1285&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudocamarophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudocamarophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudocamarophoria WEDEKIND, 1926, p. 197","Type_species":"Terebratula microrhyncha ROEMER, 1844, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to equidimensional subpentagonal outline and biconvex, lenticular profile, Beak sharp, erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus moderately strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, trapezoid, serrate, Costae from umbones, simple, subangular, Dental plates short, umbonal cavities commonly filled with callus, Dorsal median septum high, pointed ventrally in lateral profile, as in Septalaria, extending to about one-third valve length, septalium short, wide, cardinal process absent, crura closely set, thin, straight for much of length, arising from dorsal edge of undivided hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 792, 1a-i. * P. microrhyncha (Roemer), lower Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Formation, Geeser bed, Eifel, Sch\u00f6necken, Germany, ac, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, d-i, serial sections 15.3, 15.0, 14.8, 14.6, 14.4, 14.0 ~mm from anterior, x4 (Schmidt, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 792. septalariidae (p. 1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-282.jpg?height=1847&width=1297&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cavatisinurostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cavatisinurostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cavatisinurostrum SARTENAER, 1972, p. 2","Type_species":"C. faniae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to subtriangular, strongly convexiconcave, dorsal valve inflated anteriorly, ventral valve flat to concave, anterior commissure uniplicate to acuminate. Costae weak, rounded, restricted to extreme anterior of fold and sulcus, fine radial striae present. Dental plates long, converging almost to meet ventrally. Hinge plates divided, small, dorsal septum absent, crura long, thin, convex ventrolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western Europe, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 794, 4 a-k .* C. faniae, lower Famennian, Heure, Belgium, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-k, serial sections 1.9, 2.35, 2.5, 2.9, 3.5, 6.1 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 794. pugnacidae (p. 1165-1168).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-286.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coeloterorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Coeloterorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coeloterorhynchus SARTENAER, 1966a, p. 41","Type_species":"C. tabasensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to transversely ovate, dorsal valve inflated, ventral flat to concave. Beak incurved, foramen small, with small deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus wide, tongue high, serrated to acute. Costae few, rounded, from about midlength, with striae in some specimens. Dental plates distinct, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Iran, Afghanistan, Europe, northern Africa, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 794, 2a-k. * C. tabasensis, Frasnian, Shishtu Formation, Niaz, Sardar Valley, Iran, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-k, serial sections 1.0, 1.45, 1.75, 2.1, 2.3, 3.35 mm from posterior, x3 (Sartenaer, 1966a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 794. pugnacidae (p. 1165-1168).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-286.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globulirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Globulirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globulirhynchia BRICE, 1981a, p. 149","Type_species":"Rhynchonella le mesli RIGAUX, 1892, p. 103, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline, strongly inflated dorsal valve. Beak suberect, foramen small, mesothyridid. Fold and sulcus strong anteriorly, tongue high. Costae coarse, few, rounded, developed only anteriorly. Dental plates well developed, slightly convergent ventrally. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent. Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian): western Europe.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 796, 3a-j. *G. lemesli (Rigaux), Beaulieu Formation, Boulonnais, Ferques, northeastern France, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-j, serial sections 0.7, 1.1, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.4 ~mm from posterior, x8 (Brice, 1981a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 796. pugnacidae (p. 1168-1171).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-289.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paromoeopygma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paromoeopygma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paromoeopygma SARTENAER, 1968c, p. 3","Type_species":"P. bellicastellana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with subcircular to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, deltidial plates present, Fold and sulcus most evident anteriorly, tongue high, serrate, may be rounded, Costae weak, coarse, rounded, only distinct anteriorly, umbones smooth, fine radial striations present, Dental plates low, short, ventrally convergent, Hinge plates divided, inner hinge plates inclined dorsally, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crural bases small, crescentic in section, concave laterally, crura thin, concave dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 797, 3a-l. * P. bellicastellana, lower Famennian, railway cutting southeast of Senzeilles tunnel, Belgium, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-l, serial sections 0.9, 0.95, 1.05, 1.25, 1.35, 1.75, 1.85, 3.25 ~mm from posterior, x3 (Sartenaer, 1968c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 797. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-291.jpg?height=1886&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleuropugnoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pleuropugnoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleuropugnoides Ferguson, 1966, p. 354","Type_species":"Terebratula pleurodon PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 222, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly, Beak straight to suberect, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen circular to oval, Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, high, trapezoid to rounded, margins zigzag, Costae strong, simple, rounded, extending from beaks, Dental plates short, Septalium very short to absent, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum very short, crura ventrally curved with V-shaped section, open ventrally, and tips laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Westphalian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Westphalian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an-lower Westphalian)","Geography":"Europe, Libya, China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 800,1a\u2013k. *P. pleurodon (PHILLIPS); a\u2013c, lectotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; d\u2013k, serial sections 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 3.4 mm from posterior, \u00d74.5 (Ferguson, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 800. pugnacidae (p. 1174-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-296.jpg?height=1795&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":313.12,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Propriopugnus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Propriopugnus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Propriopugnus BRUNTON, 1984, p. 32","Type_species":"Conchyliolithus Anomites (Pugnus) MARTIN, 1809, pl. 22, fig. 4-5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and strongly biconvex profile, inflated anteriorly. Beak incurved, foramen mesothyrid. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising at umbones, tongue high, wide, trapezoid. Costae arising at umbones, coarse, most pronounced anteriorly, 4 or 5 on fold and in sulcus, fewer and weaker on flanks, radial striae not evident. Dental plates short. Dorsal median septum very short, low, thick, small septalium, hinge plates divided, thin, subhorizontal or inclined slightly dorsally, crura thin, becoming steeply oblique distally, laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 798, 1a-p. *P. pugnus (Martin), Carboniferous Limestone, England, a-b, holotype, posterior and anterior views, Derbyshire, x1 (Martin, 1809), c- g, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Staffordshire, Wetton, x1.5, h-p, serial sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.9, 2.4, 3.0, 4.3 mm from posterior, Staffordshire, Wetton, x1.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Martin, 1809","figure_index":"fig. 798. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-292.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Solidipontirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Solidipontirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Solidipontirostrum SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 21","Type_species":"Terebratula pugnoides SCHNUR, 1851, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Triangular to subpentagonal outline, very inflated dorsally. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus strong anteriorly, uniplicate with prominent tongue. Costae few, most prominent anteriorly. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates united anterior of small septalium, dorsal median septum short.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, western Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 800, 4a-i. *S. pugnoides (Schnur), upper Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Beds, Geeser bed, Germany, a-c, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1.33, d-i, serial sections across posterior, intervals not given, x3 (Schmidt, 1941a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 800. pugnacidae (p. 1174-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-296.jpg?height=1795&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectorhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Plectorhynchellidae","Subfamily":"Plectorhynchellinae","Genus":"Plectorhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectorhynchella Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195","Type_species":"Athyris collinensis FRECH, 1902, p. 99, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, longitudinally ovate outline, ventribiconvex. Beak straight to erect, foramen rounded, hypothyrid. Dorsal sulcus and ventral fold low, wide, anterior commissure plicosulcate, umbones smooth. Costae subrounded, irregular, most pronounced in sulcus and on fold. Dental plates short, convergent to divergent ventrally, teeth short, convergent dorsally. Dorsal median septum short, thin, abruptly truncated, hinge plates divided, septalium absent, crura long, closely set. Upper Devonian (Famennian): Europe, Urals, northern Africa, central Asia, western North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, northern Africa, central Asia, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 801, 1a-k. *P. collinensis (Frech), middle Famennian, Pizzo Collina Formation, Carnic Alps, Pizzo Collina, northern Italy, a-d, neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71.5, e-k, serial sections 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.15, 1.3, 1.4 mm from posterior, \u00d77 (Ferrari & Vai, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ferrari & Vai, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 801. plectorhynchellidae (p. 1176-1178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-298.jpg?height=1830&width=1297&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ladogia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ladogia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ladogia NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 165","Type_species":"Terebratula meyendorfii de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with longitudinally ovate to rhomboid outline, strongly convex, acuminate dorsal valve and concave, sulcate ventral valve, Beak small, pointed, incurved, foramen hypothyrid, Fold and sulcus strong, wide to include most of shell width, extending from umbones, Anterior commissure uniplicate, acuminate, Flattened costellae cover shell surface, Dental plates long, convex medially, ventral muscle field well impressed, divided by low median ridges, Dorsal median septum strong, long, septalium wide, long, hinge plates concave, divided anteriorly, crura long, ventrally curved, distal parts concave dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Baltic, European Russia, Urals, Siberia, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 803, 2a-o. * L. meyendorfii (de Verneuil), lower Frasnian, Pskov Beds, Pskov, Baltic Russia, a-c, holotype, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (de Verneuil, 1845), d-h, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, i, part of e showing costellae, x3, j- o, hypotype, serial sections 1.8, 2.6, 3.1, 3.8, 4.9, 6.5 mm from posterior, x2.4 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"de Verneuil, 1845, \nMcLaren, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 803. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-300.jpg?height=1874&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isopoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Aseptirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Isopoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isopoma TORLEY, 1934, p. 81","Type_species":"Terebratula brachyptycta SCHNUR, 1853, p. 178, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with subtriangular to subcircular outline and equibiconvex profile, Beak erect, foramen small, Fold and sulcus weak, tongue high, Costae coarse and only developed anteriorly, Dental plates weak to absent, Low median ridge in ventral valve, Hinge plates divided, septalium and dorsal median septum absent, crura thin, short, parallel","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Altai, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 807, 3a-l. * I. brachyptycta (Schnur), a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, middle Eifelian, Gonelsheimer Beds, Geeser Horizon, Eifel, Ahrdorf, Germany, x1.5 (Schmidt, 1941a), d-i, serial sections 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5 mm from anterior, upper Givetian, Bergische Land, Schneppruthe, x5 (Schmidt, 1965a), j-l, serial sections 8.6, 8.5, 7.7 ~mm from anterior, upper Eifelian, Skaly Beds, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, x3 (Biernat, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941, \nSchmidt, 1965, \nBiernat, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 807. aseptirhynchiidae (p. 1186-1189).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-306.jpg?height=1879&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pugnoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pugnoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pugnoides WELLER, 1910, p. 512","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ottumwa WHITE, 1865, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to subtriangular, strongly biconvex, beak incurved, large oval foramen, fold and sulcus arising at midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderate, costae arising at one-third shell length, dental plates well developed, vertical, umbonal cavities large, septalium distinct, with cover posteriorly, hinge plates divided, horizontal, dorsal median septum short and thick, crura long, concave dorsomedially, curving slightly ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 812, 1al. *P. ottumwa (White), Mississippian, Meramecian, Ottumwa, Iowa, USA, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, x1 (Cooper, 1944), d-l, serial sections 1.15, 1.25, 1.4, 1.45, 1.6, 1.95, 2.15, 2.50, 2.85 mm from posterior, x3.5 (Sartenaer, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1944, \nSartenaer, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 812. petasmariidae (p. 1194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-313.jpg?height=807&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ladogioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Yunnanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ladogioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ladogioides MCLAREN, 1961, p. 4","Type_species":"L. pax, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, Beak erect, foramen large, hypothyrid to submesothyrid, deltidial plates small, disjunct, Fold and sulcus pronounced anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue acuminate, Costae few, weak, restricted to anterior, radial striae over whole shell, Dental plates close to walls, ventrally convergent, Septalium deep, narrow, short, hinge plates divided, horizontal, dorsal median septum short, high, thin, Crura short, slender, dorsally grooved","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"western North America, western Europe, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 815, 3a-i. *L. pax, lower Frasnian, Waterways Formation, Alberta, Gypsum Cliffs, Canada, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d, surface showing radial striae, x3, e-i, serial sections 1.0 , 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 2.6 ~mm from posterior, x3 (McLaren, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"McLaren, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 815. yunnanellidae (p. 1195).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-316.jpg?height=1489&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schnurella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Yunnanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schnurella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schnurella SCHMIDT, 1964, p. 505","Type_species":"Terebratula schnurii de VERNEUIL, 1840, p. 261, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A subtriangular to longitudinally ovate outline and dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, anterior and lateral margins truncated. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus weak, obscured by convexity of shell, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low. Costae low, restricted to anterior margin, costellae present from midlength, superimposed on costae anteriorly. Dental plates short, close to walls. Dorsal median septum short, obscured by callus, septalium U-shaped, hinge plates undivided.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Kuznetsk basin, Armenia, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 815, 2a-i. * S. schnuri (de Verneuil), lower Givetian, Gerolstein, Eifel, a- c, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Schmidt, 1941b), d-i, serial sections 13.1, 13.0, 12.8, 12.6, 12.3, 12.0 mm from anterior, x2 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 815. yunnanellidae (p. 1195).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-316.jpg?height=1489&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Streptaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Streptaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Streptaria COOPER, 1959, p. 38","Type_species":"Terebratula de Buchii MICHELOTTI, 1839, p. 122, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Probably a subgenus of Basiliola Dall, 1908, p. 442.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pentagonal, almost planoconvex with acutely uniplicate asymmetrical commissure, possible faint striation anteriorly, beak short, foramen auriculate. Dental plates reduced, pedicle collar poorly developed.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"southern Europe, northern Africa, Cuba, Arabia, western Kazhakhstan, ?New Zealand, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 819, 3a-d. *S. debuchii (Michelotti), middle Miocene, Messina, Sicily, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 549352a, x2, d, internal view of dorsal umbo showing strong socket ridges, wide outer hinge plates and crura, USNM 549352b, x6 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 819. basiliolidae (p. 1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-322.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lacunosella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Lacunosellinae","Genus":"Lacunosella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lacunosella WISNIEWSKA, 1932, p. 30","Type_species":"Rhynchonella arolica Oppel in Oppel & WAAGEN, 1866, p. 294, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kolhidaella Moiseev, 1939, p. 189 (type, K. kolhidaensis, OD), Kolchidaella Makridin in Sarycheva, 1960, p. 334, nom. null., Lagunosella Kamyshan & Kvakhadze, 1980, p. 74, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Kolhidaella, Kolchidaella, Lagunosella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, subtriangular to subpentagonal, trilobate, uniplicate, rarely asymmetrical, with few strong costae commonly bifurcating, dorsal fold little raised, beak small, conjunct deltidial plates. Hinge teeth strong, dental plates reduced, hinge plates long, almost horizontal, crura falciform, dorsal septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Europe, Africa, Asia, ?Mexico, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 823, 2p\u2013z. L. (L.) kolhidaensis (MOISEEV), Barremian, Caucasus, Georgia; p\u2013s, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, approximately \u00d71 (Moiseev, 1939); t\u2013z, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 4.2, 5.25, 5.65, 6.0, 7.1, 8.0, LGE 3\/181 (new; courtesy of S. V. Lobacheva).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 823. basiliolidae (p. 1208-1210).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-328.jpg?height=1883&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stolmorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Lacunosellinae","Genus":"Stolmorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stolmorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 46","Type_species":"S. stolidota, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stolmorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957), Dzhangirhynchia Ovcharenko, 1983, p. 71 (type, D. dzhangiensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Stolmorhynchia, Dzhangirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, uniplicate, dorsal fold usually well developed, sometimes asymmetrical, few (12 to 16) strong, fairly angular costae, posterior smooth area absent, beak small, strong, suberect. Dental plates strong, subparallel, dorsal median septum absent or barely detectable, no septalium, muscle scars impressed, crura falciform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 824,2a\u2013r. *S. stolidota, upper Bajocian, Dorset, England; a\u2013c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.70762, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013r, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.4, 3.9, 4.3, 4.6, 4.9, 5.3, 5.6, 5.8, BMNH F. 71933 (Prosser, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 824. basiliolidae (p. 1210).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-330.jpg?height=1861&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septocrurella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Septocrurellinae","Genus":"Septocrurella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septocrurella WISNIEWSKA, 1932, p. 63","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Sanctae Clarae ROEMER, 1870, p. 247, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, dorsally sulcate, with few rounded costae, beak small, upright, without planareas, foramen hypo- to submesothyrid. Crura short, supported by subparallel crural plates extending to one-third dorsal valve length, dorsal septum absent to vestigial. Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliens-bachian)-Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, ?Tithonian): southern and eastern Europe.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliens-bachian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, ?Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliens-bachian)-Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, ?Tithonian)","Geography":"southern and eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 827,3a\u2013m. S. sanctaeclarae (Roemer), a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, Oxfordian, Jasna G\u00f3ra, Poland, x1 (Wisniewska, 1932), f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.4, 2.4, 2.8, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, 4.5, 5.2, Aiglun, France (Laurin, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wisniewska, 1932, \nLaurin, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 827. erymnariidae (p. 1214-1218).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-334.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calvirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Calvirhynchiinae","Genus":"Calvirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calvirhynchia KAMYSHAN, 1967a, p. 56","Type_species":"C. kubanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, smooth, rounded subtrigonal, ventribiconvex, well-defined median dorsal sulcus and ventral fold, beak small, suberect, planareas absent. Pedicle collar absent. Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, ?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian): southern Europe, Caucasus, central Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, ?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, ?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian)","Geography":"southern Europe, Caucasus, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 827, 2a-k. * C. kubanensis, upper Bajocian, Kuban River, Caucasus, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, KHGU 6\/2135, x1.5, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.1, 1.3, 1.7, 2.1, 2.3, 2.8, 3.3, 4.0, KHGU 6\/2140 (Kamyshan, 1967a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kamyshan, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 827. erymnariidae (p. 1214-1218).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-334.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camerisma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Camerisma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camerisma GRANT, 1965a, p. 63","Type_species":"C. prava, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Laevicamera Grabau, 1936, p. 87, nom. nud., non Levicamera Grabau, 1934, p. 18, see Psilocamara, p. 1224, herein","Synonyms":"Laevicamera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves of medium size, outline oval or subpentagonal, type species commonly asymmetrical, shell walls commonly thick, costae absent or very weak, confined to anterior fold and sulcus, strong, angular uniplication, valve edges overlapping strongly, beak thick, blunt, tightly curved against dorsal umbo in some species, constricting delthyrium and foramen","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)-Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA, Europe, Russia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 829, 2a-h. *C. prava, Serpukhovian, Alaska, USA, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, x1, e-h, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, 2.0, 2.6, 2.7, 3.0 ~mm from ventral valve beak, x2.7 (Grant, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 829. stenoscismatidae (p. 1219-1220).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-340.jpg?height=1835&width=1296&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lambdarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lambdarinoidea","Family":"Lambdarinidae","Subfamily":"Lambdarininae","Genus":"Lambdarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lambdarina Brunton & CHAMPION, 1974, p. 819","Type_species":"L. manifoldensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small with outline strongly bilobed, each lobe almost as large as rest of shell, lateral profile planoconvex to biconvex, ventral umbone slightly upcurved. Beak straight, elongate, foramen subcircular, apical, symphytium flat, elongate. Bisulcate, dorsal sulcus strong, ventral sulcus weak with median ridge, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulcate. Surface smooth, impunctate. Dental plates thin, short, developed only in vicinity of teeth, teeth narrow, curved anteromedially. Hinge plates undivided, notothyrial platform thickened, sockets ovoid, weakly excavated into shell wall, inner sockets ridges prominent, cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 839, 1a-e. *L. manifoldensis, lower Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Staffordshire, Wetton, England, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x15, c, interior of ventral valve posterior, x22, d, interior of dorsal valve posterior, x42, e, drawing of interior of ventral valve showing foramen, symphytium, dental plates, and teeth, x18 (Brunton & Champion, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Champion, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 839. lambdarinidae (p. 1230-1232).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-350.jpg?height=1350&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tretorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchoporoidea","Family":"Rhynchoporidae","Subfamily":"Tretorhynchinae","Genus":"Tretorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tretorhynchia BRUNTON , 1971, p. 98","Type_species":"Terebratula trilatera DE KONINCK, 1843 in 1841\u20131844, p. 292; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline elongate subtriangular and pro\ufb01le biconvex. Beak straight; delthyrium open; deltidial plates incipient. Both valves sulcate posteriorly but lacking fold or sulcus anteriorly; anterior commissure rectimarginate. Costae numerous, straight, simple, angular, from beaks. Shell \ufb01nely endopunctate. Dental plates short, thin, slightly convergent ventrally; teeth cyrtomatodont. Dorsal median septum short, low; septalium wide; inner socket ridges overhang sockets; crural bases oblique; crura \ufb02attened, vertical to slightly oblique, ventrally curved. Ventral and dorsal muscle \ufb01elds poorly impressed. Cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an\u2013upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 841, 2a\u2013o. *T. trilatera (DE KONINCK); a\u2013b, neotype, dorsal and anterior views, Carboniferous Limestone, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, \u00d72.6; c, enlargement of surface showing punctae, middle Vis\u00e9an, Llanfair, Anglesey, Wales, \u00d7 22; d, dorsal view, middle Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Staffordshire, Wetton, England, \u00d73; e\u2013f, ventral and anterior views, middle Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Staffordshire, Wetton, England, \u00d7 2.7; g, lateral view, middle Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Staffordshire, Wetton, England, \u00d73; hm, serial sections 0.07, 0.11, 0.39, 0.44, 0.54, 1.04 mm from posterior, middle Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire, Treak Cliff, England, \u00d7 8 (Brunton, 1971); n, ventral valve interior, Asbian, Dartry Group, County Fermanagh, Ireland, \u00d75.6; o, dorsal valve interior, Asbian, Dartry Group, County Fermanagh, Ireland, \u00d76 (Brunton, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 841. rhynchoporidae (p. 1233-1235).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-354.jpg?height=1301&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peregrinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Peregrinellinae","Genus":"Peregrinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peregrinella OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1305","Type_species":"Terebratula peregrina von Buch, 1834, p. 73, OD; = Terebratula multicarinata Lamarck, 1819, p. 253, non SCHLOTHEIM, 1813","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, circular, equibiconvex to ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, costae numerous, deeply incised, sharp, beak massive, incurved. Hinge plates wide, flat, dental plates short, acutely divergent ventrally, teeth small, peglike, crura long, subparallel, laterally concave, septum low, long. Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Hauterivian): Europe (mainly southern), North America, Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Hauterivian)","Geography":"Europe (mainly southern), North America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 843 a\u2013n. *P. (P.) multicarinata (L AMARCK ), Hauterivian, France; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.5, 3.2, 3.7, 4.1, 4.9, 5.2, 5.6, 5.9, 6.2, 7.4, 12.6, approximately \u00d72 (Ager, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraphorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Rhynchotetradidae","Subfamily":"Axiodeaneiinae","Genus":"Paraphorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraphorhynchus WELLER, 1905, p. 260","Type_species":"P. elongatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval to subtriangular outline and biconvex profile, subvertical anterior and lateral margins. Beak erect, foramen elongate. Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, broad, serrate. Costae rounded, arising at umbones, weak on flanks, shell surface with fine radial striae. Dental plates long, almost meeting ventrally, narrow ventral muscle field between dental plates. Dorsal median septum strong, short, septalium large, open, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Urals, Novaya Zemlya, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 851, 2a-j. * P. elongatum, lower Mississippian, Kinderhookian, Knox County, Missouri, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-j, serial sections, x2 (Weller, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 851. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1248).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-368.jpg?height=1484&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rotaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Tetracameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rotaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rotaia Rzhonsnitskaia, 1959, p. 30, nom. nov. pro Welleria Rotai, 1941, p. 107, non Ulrich & BASSLER, 1923","Type_species":"Rhynchonella subtrigona Meek & WORTHEN, 1860, p. 451, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subpentagonal to transversely subtrigonal outline and biconvex profile, vertical anterior and lateral margins truncated, Beak erect, Fold and sulcus broad, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, low, dentate, Dental plates meeting as sessile spondylium, with high buttress plates, Septalium long, deep, wide, partly covered by inner hinge plates, hinge plates divided, without lateral supporting plates, dorsal median septum strong, to midlength, crural bases transversely ovate, crura short, straight, delicate, triangular in section","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian-upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, European Russia, Altai, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 852, 2a-h. *R. subtrigona (Meek & Worthen), Mississippian, Osagean, Keokuk Limestone, North America, European Russia, Altai, Siberia, China, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1.5 (new), serial sections 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, 4.2, 6.0, 7.8, 9.4 mm from anterior, \u00d7 1.8 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 852. tetracameridae (p. 1249-1251).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-369.jpg?height=1369&width=1301&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yanishewskiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Tetracameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yanishewskiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yanishewskiella LICHAREW, 1957, p. 139","Type_species":"Anomia angulata LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 703, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, vertical anterior and lateral margins, concave posterolateral margins, beak suberect, delthyrium with foramen apically, fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure gently uniplicate but strongly dentate, plicae angular and simple, originating from the umbones, shell surface with fine radial striae, dental plates converge to form a spondylium supported by a low median septum and short lateral buttresses, septalium extending to one-third of the valve length, ventral median septum extending to half the valve length, dorsal median septum strong and long, septalium narrow and deep, median septum projecting ventrally well into the septalium, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of the septalium, crural bases triangular in section and long, crura laterally flattened and slightly sigmoidal","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian-upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Uzbekistan, Urals, Europe, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 853a\u2013q. *Y. angulata (L INNAEUS ); a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Lancashire, England, \u00d7 1.5 (new); e\u2013n, serial sections 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, 4.2, 6.0, 7.8, 9.4 mm from anterior, Lancashire, England, \u00d7 1.8 (new); o\u2013q, lectotype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Fergana, Uzbekistan, \u00d71 (Licharew, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 853. tetracameridae (p. 1251).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-370.jpg?height=890&width=1301&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebratuloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Terebratuloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebratuloidea WAAGEN, 1883, p. 410","Type_species":"T. davidsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely subpentagonal and profile dorsibiconvex. Beak suberect and truncated by large circular mesothyrid foramen, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus moderately strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate. Costae coarse, arising at beaks, rounded in profile. Dental plates close to valve walls, may be obscured by callus but distinct in specimen sectioned, teeth large, rounded. Dorsal median septum absent, hinge plates joined posteriorly by convex plate, divided for most of length, crural bases and crura horizontal to slightly oblique.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Pakistan, India, central and southeastern Asia, China, Europe, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 865, 2a-m. *T. davidsoni, Wordian, Salt Range, Pakistan, a-d, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, Buri Khel, x1.3 (new), e-m, serial sections 3.6, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 5.0, 5.2, 5.6, 6.4 ~mm from posterior, middle Productus Limestone, Seminodular band, Dhak Pass Nala, x1.4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 865. allorhynchidae (p. 1270-1272).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-390.jpg?height=465&width=1266&top_left_y=1548&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homoeorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Homoeorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homoeorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 36","Type_species":"Terebratula acuta J. Sowerby, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 115, OD, non J. de C. SOWERBY, 1825","Synonyms_with_authors":"Homoeorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957); Blochmannella Leidhold, 1921, p. 356 (type, Rhynchonella Friereni Branco, 1879, p. 128, OD, error pro R. Frireni); Blochmanella Schuchert & LeVene, 1929a, p. 132, unjustified emend., Slovenirhynchia Sibl\u00edk, 1967, p. 159 (type, S. maninensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Blochmannella, Blochmanella, Slovenirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium (seldom large), subtrigonal to subpentagonal, cynocephalous, dorsibiconvex to almost convexoplane, strongly inequivalve and everted with uniplication acuminate to multidentate, dorsal fold high, sharp, and costae few and sharp anteriorly, starting after onset of fold, beak small, incurved. Dorsal median septum short and high, deep septalium, crura fairly long, raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian, Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Geography":"Alps, Carnian, Rhaetian, Europe (mainly southern), Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, southwestern China, Canada, Peru, ?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian-Aalenian, ?Bajocian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 872, 3a-k. *H. acuta (J. de C. Sowerby), upper Pliensbachian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, England, BMNH BM.67719, x1.6 (new), d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.7, 1.3, 1.7, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 4.5, Ardeche, France, FSL 49276 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 872. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-401.jpg?height=1821&width=1283&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Planirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planirhynchia SUCIC-PROTIC, 1969, p. 19","Type_species":"* P. tantilla, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to small, depressed subpentagonal, smooth in posterior half and covered with few, low, blunt costae in anterior half, commissure uniplicate, bidentate, or tridentate, linguiform extension flattopped, wide, and shallow, beak straight to fairly curved, with round submesothyrid foramen. Septalium wide, dorsal median septum low, long, and massive, crura raduliform, fairly curved.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)-Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Siberia, ?southern Europe, Yugoslavia (Carpatho-Balkanids)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 872, 1 a-n .* P. tantilla, middle Lias, CarpathoBalkanids, Yugoslavia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MFMGB 3\/1669, x1, e-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, 2.5, 3.1 (Sucic-Protic, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sucic-Protic, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 872. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-401.jpg?height=1821&width=1283&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchonelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Rhynchonelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchonelloidea BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 38","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ruthenensis REYN\u00c8S, 1868, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhynchonelloidea Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, strongly dorsibiconvex, rounded subpentagonal, more or less everted, dorsal fold pronounced and uniplication bidentate to multidentate, costae few and fairly sharp, starting before onset of fold, smooth stage negligible to absent. Dorsal septum strong, short, septalium narrow, pitlike, crura raduliform, may be distally concave.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)\u2013","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Asia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 873, 2a\u2013k. *R. (R.) ruthenensis (REYN\u00c8S), lower Aalenian, Aveyron, France; a\u2013d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, FSL 49254, \u00d71; e\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4, 2.9, 3.4, 4.4, FSL 49254 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 873. rhynchonellidae (p. 1283-1285).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-403.jpg?height=1835&width=1298&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Acanthothirididae","Subfamily":"Acanthorhynchiinae","Genus":"Acanthorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 69","Type_species":"Acanthothyris panacanthina Buckman & WALKER, 1889, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acanthorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, transversely oval, very slightly uniplicate, but no proper fold, thin test, very densely and finely costellate, often dichotomously, delicately spinose throughout, beak strong, sharp, suberect to incurved, disjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal median septum feeble, apically confined, crura calcariform or raduliform, cardinal process or small septalium sometimes present, dental plates weak, wide apart.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)-Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"western and eastern Europe, Africa, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 888, 3a-u. *A. panacanthina (Buckman & Walker), upper Bajocian, Dorset, England, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, BMNH B.12082, \u00d71 (new), f-u, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.3, 2.6, 2.9, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 4.0, 4.3, 4.6, 5.0 (Childs, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Childs, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 888. acanthothirididae (p. 1307-1308).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-426.jpg?height=1535&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Acanthothirididae","Subfamily":"Acanthorhynchiinae","Genus":"Echinirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinirhynchia CHILDS, 1969, p. 73","Type_species":"Terebratulites senticosus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820 in 1820-1823, p. 268, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spinulirhynchia Smirnova, 1972, p. 52, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Spinulirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Acanthorhynchia, but smaller, equibiconvex to ventribiconvex, usually subtriangular, rectimarginate or sulcate. Dental plates and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (lower Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Aptian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)-Lower Cretaceous (lower Aptian)","Geography":"western and eastern Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 888, 2a-i. * E. senticosa (von Schlotheim), Kimmeridgian, Franconia, near Erlangen, Germany, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x1, e-i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.1 (Childs, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Childs, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 888. acanthothirididae (p. 1307-1308).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-426.jpg?height=1535&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":118.69,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemithiris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Hemithirididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hemithiris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemithiris D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 268","Type_species":"Anomia psittacea Gmelin, 1790, p. 3348, SD DAVIDSON, 1852a, p. 252","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hemithyris Bronn, 1848, p. 246, obj., unjustified emendation","Synonyms":"Hemithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, trigonal, uniplicate, finely costellate, finely striate to smooth, beak long, suberect, hypothyrid. Ventral median ridge posteriorly, dorsal median ridge low, crura long, flattened posteriorly, and with moderate concave surfaces dorsally becoming more acute at the distal ends.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene) - Holocene","Geography":"England, Belgium, Japan, Alaska, Canada, Sicily, Pliocene\u2013Pleistocene; from Alaska to Japan via European Mediterranean and North Atlantic to North Paci\ufb01c, Holocene; Antarctica (Cockburn and Seymour Islands), EoceneOligocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 899, 2a-f. *H. psittacea (Gmelin), Holocene, Alaska, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 111004a, x1, d, internal view of dorsal valve showing crura and low median ridge, x2, e, ventral interior showing dental plates and teeth, x2, f, dorsal interior showing crura, USNM 111004b, x3 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 899. hemithirididae (p. 1326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-446.jpg?height=1435&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Almerarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Almerarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Almerarhynchia Calzada BADIA, 1974, p. 94","Type_species":"A. virgiliana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, equibiconvex, nearly as wide as long, median dorsal fold poorly developed, umbo short, massive, truncated by large foramen, costae rounded, deeply incised (4 to 8 on fold). Dental plates short, subparallel, hinge plates moderately long, ventrally deflected in early stages to horizontal, dorsal myophragm ridgelike to indistinct, crura incurved, distally canaliform.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Spain, ?eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 900, 2a-j. *A. virgiliana, Maastrichtian, Catalonian pre-Pyrenees, Spain, a-c, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MGSB 11789, x1, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.6, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9, 4.6, 5.8, 6.2 (Calzada Badia, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada Badia, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 900. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-448.jpg?height=1783&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costirhynchopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Costirhynchopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costirhynchopsis DAGYS, 1977, p. 387","Type_species":"Costirhynchia spatiosa DAGYS, 1974, p. 106, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, laterally oval to wide subpentagonal, uniplicate, with fold low or absent, thickest near front, strongly costate throughout, beak suberect, ridges distinct, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates ventrally divergent, septalium short, supported by low septum, crura raduliform, pedicle collar absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Alps, Balkans, central Europe, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, northeastern Iran, China, ?New Guinea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 901, 1a-k. * C. spatiosa (DAGYS), Carnian, northwestern Caucasus, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/55, x2, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.2, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.2, 2.6, 3.1, IGiG 394\/58 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 901. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328-1331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-449.jpg?height=1869&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moquellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Indorhynchiinae","Genus":"Moquellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moquellina Ching, Sun, & Ye in Ching & OTHERS, 1979, p. 141","Type_species":"M. arcuata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, cu-neiform-elongate oval, dorsibiconvex, fold and sulcus only anteriorly, commissure subrectimarginate or slightly uniplicate, costae subangular or rounded, developed anteriorly to fully costate, beak nearly straight to suberect, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, rimmed. Pedicle collar short, dental plates long, subparallel, hinge plates discrete","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig . 910,2a\u2013l. *M. arcuata, upper Bathonian\u2013lower Callovian, Qinghai; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral,anterior, ventral views, NIGP 42893, \u00d7 1; e\u2013l, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.9, 2.4, 2.9, 3.55, 4.4, 4.95, 5.35, NIGP 42894 (Ching & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChing & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 910. cyclothyrididae (p. 1342-1344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-462.jpg?height=1773&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Burmirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"Burmirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Burmirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 49","Type_species":"B. gutta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, globose, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, thickest at midvalve, convex anteriorly, uniplication distinct, but dorsal fold indistinct to gently prominent, linguiform extension always neat, deflected dorsally, costae numerous, simple, smooth posterior area not present, beak massive, incurved to suberect, sub- dued beak ridges, foramen small, hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct to barely conjunct. Dental plates ventrally divergent, dorsal median septum strong, septalium variable, crura slender, strongly incurved, raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian\u2013Callovian)","Geography":"Europe, Africa, Asia, ?Australasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 919, 1a\u2013k. *B. (B.) gutta, Bathonian, northern Shan States, Myanmar; ac, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 123602, \u00d71; d\u2013k, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.7, USNM 123602 (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 919. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1354-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-475.jpg?height=1879&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Burmirhynchia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"B. (Burmirhynchia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Burmirhynchia) BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 49","Type_species":"B. gutta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"More subspherical, both valves in\ufb02ated, dorsal fold undifferentiated, and costae rounder. Dorsal septum and septalium may be reduced; secondary thickenings not noticeable on the interior.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian\u2013Callovian)","Geography":"Europe, Somalia, Middle East, Afghanistan, India, Myanmar (Burma), China, ? Japan, ? New Zealand.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 919, 1a\u2013k. *B. (B.) gutta, Bathonian, northern Shan States, Myanmar; ac, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 123602, \u00d71; d\u2013k, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.7, USNM 123602 (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 919. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1354-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-475.jpg?height=1879&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isjuminella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Isjuminellinae","Genus":"Isjuminella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isjuminella Makridin, 1955, p. 85, pars","Type_species":"Rhynchonella decorata BUCH [sic]; OD; =Terebratulites decoratus VON SCHLOTHEIM, 1820 in 1820\u20131823, p. 264; DROT & FISCHER, 1966, p. 53]","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sardorhynchia TADDEI -RUGGIERO & UNGARO, 1984, p. 228 (type, S. crassa TADDEI-RUGGIERO & UNGARO, 1984, p. 232, OD)","Synonyms":"Sardorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, pentagonal, strongly folded, and highly uniplicate; costae few, very strong, sharp, posterior smooth areas absent; beak massive, incurved; foramen small, hypothyrid, conjunct deltidial plates. Dental plates very short, ill-de\ufb01ned posteriorly; dorsal median septum reduced, thin, bulging in middle; hinge plates narrow, divided, septalium present; crura raduliform, short, incurved ventrally; shell thick, with marked secondary thickenings and callus inside both valves.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 923a\u2013n. *I. decorata (VON SCHLOTHEIM), Bathonian, Ardennes,France; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 31331b, \u00d71 (Shi & Grant, 1993); d\u2013n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.9, 4.3, 6.5, 6.8, 8.1, 8.6, 9.4, 9.9, 10.5, 11.5, 13.3 (Drot & Fischer, 1966).\u2014\u2014Fig. 923o\u2013cc. I. crassa (T ADDEI -R UGGIERO & U NGARO ), upper Bathonian\u2013Callovian, northwestern Sardinia; o\u2013r, holotype, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, T187, Paleontological Museum, University of Naples, Naples, Italy, \u00d71; s\u2013cc, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 3.5, 4.8, 5.4, 5.7, 6.6, 7.3, 7.9, 8.1, 8.4, 8.8, T164, Paleontological Museum, University of Naples, Naples, Italy (Taddei-Ruggiero & Ungaro, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Russirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Isjuminellinae","Genus":"Russirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Russirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 52","Type_species":"Terebratula (Rhynchonella) Fischeri Rouillier, 1847 in Rouillier & VOSINSKY, 1847-1848, p. 394, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Russirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, globose, round subpentagonal to subtrigonal, depressed dorsibiconvex to almost convexoplane, uniplication strong, dorsal fold, costae numerous, very strong (3 to 7 on fold), beak short, suberect, foramen round, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates subparallel, teeth stout, dorsal septum strong, low, septalium distinct in juveniles, extremely narrow and sessile in adults, crura raduliform, with much internal secondary thickening.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Volgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Volgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Volgian)","Geography":"Russia, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 924, 3a-r. *R. fischeri fischeri (Rouillier), lower Volgian, Moscow Basin, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1, d-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.5, 4.8, 5.7, 6.5, 6.9, 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.6, 7.9, 8.5, 9.4, 9.9, 10.2, 10.3 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 924. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1361-1364).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-482.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":139.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cretirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Cretirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cretirhynchia PETTITT, 1950, p. 1","Type_species":"Terebratula plicatilis J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Crettirhynchia Makridin in Sarycheva, 1960, p. 257, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Crettirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, transversely oval to subpentagonal, acutely dorsibiconvex, dorsal fold low, broad, flattened, developed anteriorly, well-marked shallow trapezoidal linguiform extension of ventral sulcus dorsally directed, ornament of rounded costellae, umbo small, beak erect. Hinge teeth subquadrate, deeply inserted, dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally convergent, hinge plates short, triangular, median septum and septalium developed, crura long.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, ?Kazakhstan, ?Turkey, ?Turkmenistan, ?Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 926, 1a-l. *C. plicatilis (J. Sowerby), upper Chalk, lower Senonian, Northfleet, Kent, England, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.79814, x1 (new), d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 2.4, 3.3, 3.5, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4, 6.0, 6.7, x1 (Pettitt, 1950).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pettitt, 1950","figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isjuminelina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Isjuminelina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isjuminelina MAKRIDIN in SARYCHEVA, 1960, p. 254","Type_species":"Rhynchonella pseudodecorata R OLLIER , 1917, p. 139, sensu MAKRIDIN, 1964, p. 176, non ROLLIER, 1917; =Isjuminella isjumica MAKRIDIN, 1955, facing p. 86, \ufb01g. 4]","Synonyms_with_authors":"Isjuminella MAKRIDIN, 1955, p. 85, partim]","Synonyms":"Isjuminella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded-pentagonal, medium size with costae radial; sulcus and fold not strong. Median dorsal septum high, comparably short, strongly fused with massive crural bases, pseudodeltidium possibly present; crura very short, thick, hook shaped, sometimes with disjunct septalium; hinge teeth large, crenulated, on very short thick dental plates, fused to valve almost along its whole length; teeth sockets deep with strong crenulations, delimited by massive, almost parallel inner socket ridges. Muscle scars occupying about one-third inner surface of dorsal valve; anterior adductors deep, transverse-elongated or semioval, converging to anterior part of septum; ventral muscle scars pear shaped, wide, occupying one-half its inner surface.   [Family allocation has been dependent upon dual interpretation of misidenti\ufb01ed type species. Preferred action for stability is to \ufb01x taxonomic species actually involved in the misidenti\ufb01cation under ICZN, 1999, Article 70.30.2. This would allow inclusion among Isjuminellinae.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Europe, Russia (Donetz basin, ?Crimea ?Caucasus)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 930, 4a\u2013c. *I. isjumica (M AKRIDIN ), upper Oxfordian, Kharkov, Russia; dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 930. uncertain (p. 1369-1373).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-492.jpg?height=376&width=1263&top_left_y=1131&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypoleiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hypoleiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypoleiorhynchus LINNIK, 1976, p. 64","Type_species":"Hypothyridina (?) schelonica NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Need topotype material for sectioning because published sections very inadequate. Interiors unknown. Best considered nomen dubium until better data available.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Belorus, European Russia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Straelenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Straelenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Straelenia MAILLIEUX, 1935, p. 10","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Dunensis Drevermann, 1902, p. 108, OD, =Rhynchonella Dannenbergi KaySER mut. nov. minor DREVERMANN, 1902, p. 107","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhynchonella Dannenbergi KaySER mut. nov. minor Drevermann, 1902, p. 107, Dinapophysia Maillieux, 1935, p. 5 (type, Orthis papilio Krantz, 1857, p. 156, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Material poorly preserved. Could be genus of Camarotoechioidea. Need fuller description and better topotype specimens. Probably best treated as nomen dubium until additional work done.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"western Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Almogilabinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Almogilabinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Almogilabinella GEORGESCU (in press) in GEORGESCU, 1993, p. 43","Type_species":"type species A. almogilabini GEORGESCU (in press).","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crurirhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Crurirhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crurirhynchella XU & LIU, 1983, p. 83","Type_species":"Crurirhynchia\u201d sub\ufb01ssicostata YANG & XU, 1966, p. 27","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Possibly referable to Caucasorhynchia DAGYS, 1963, p. 66].","Synonyms":"Caucasorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dingleirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dingleirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dingleirhynchia GEORGESCU (in press), in GEORGESCU, 1993, p. 43","Type_species":"type species D. dinglei GEORGESCU (in press).","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holcothyroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Holcothyroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holcothyroides DAGYS, 1974, p. 89","Type_species":"Rhynchonella delicatula BITTNER, 1890, p. 17 and Rhynchonella deliciosa BITTNER, 1890, p. 155","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Probably a lapsus pro Holcorhynchella DAGYS, 1974, p. 110.]","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbignyrhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orbignyrhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":"Orbignyrhynchia MICHAL\u00cdK, 1992, p. 61 [nom. null., personal communication, 1995].","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[further details unknown; might refer to Neocirpa PROZOROVSKAIA, 1985, p. 110]","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","First_Occurrence":"Danian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septalirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septalirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septalirhynchia XU & LIU, 1980, p. 37, further in XU & LIU, 1983, p. 83","Type_species":"\u201cSeptaliphoria\u201d tienchungensis YANG & YIN , 1962, p. 93 and \u201cS.\u201d rhomba YANG & YIN , 1962, p. 95","Synonyms_with_authors":"Possibly referable to Costirhynchopsis or Eoseptaliphoria.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuwaiqirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tuwaiqirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuwaiqirhynchia NAZER [1970, unpublished manuscript deposited in a library], p. 45, in ALM\u00c9RAS , 1987, p. 177","Type_species":"type species T. arabiensis NAZER [1970, unpublished manuscript deposited in a library","Synonyms_with_authors":"Most likely a synonym of Conarosia COOPER, 1989, p. 20","Synonyms":"Conarosia","Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vindobonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vindobonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vindobonella P EARSON [1967, unpublished manuscript deposited in a library], in SIBL\u00cdK, 1988, p. 51","Type_species":"type species V. katzeri PEARSON [1967, unpublished manuscript deposited in a library; SIBL\u00cdK also mentions \"museum labels.\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic [in need of proper validation]","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic [in need of proper validation]","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic [in need of proper validation]","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Endrea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Endrea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Endrea COPPER, 1996b, p. 919","Type_species":"E. echoica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex-dorsibiconvex, shield shaped, small orthocline-anacline area, apical foramen surrounding small deltidial plates even in adult shells, highly arched, tubular-imbricate ribs, short frills or frills lacking, fine concentric filose microornament, commissure weakly to strongly folded, pedicle callist very thin to lacking, teeth with small dental cavities, spiralia with fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes terminating in small, weakly curved jugal plates.  [Distinguished from Atrypa by tubular-imbricate ribs, very short frills or no frills, filose microornament (where preserved), small deltidial plates, dental cavities, lack of pedicle callist, rib structure Spinatrypinalike, but shells have short frills, Rugosatrypa is most similar, but has finer, more Atrypa-like, flatter ribs, convexoplane shell.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"western Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 945, 2ad. * E. echoica, lower Wenlock, Gotland, a-b, ventral, lateral views, x2, c-d, serial sections, x5 (Copper, 1996b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 945. atrypidae (p. 1396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-516.jpg?height=1849&width=1279&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Protatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protatrypa Boucot, Johnson, & STATON, 1964, p. 809","Type_species":"P. malmoeyensis Boucot, Johnson, & STATON, 1964, p. 810, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvexventribiconvex, relatively flat, carinate ventral valve, small, distinct orthocline area, apical foramen, small deltidial plates, ribs weakly undulate to continuous, absent or very short growth lamellae, frills absent, commissure broadly rectimarginate, internally lacking thick pedicle callist, strong teeth with dental nucleus or minute dental cavities, hinge plates thick, low, cardinal pit lacking, prominent, bushy cardinal process in center of hinge plate, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes tipped by small jugal plates.  [Differs from Atrypa in flat, wide shape, orthocline area, strong cardinal process, and lacking frills, pedicle callist, and cardinal pit.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 948, 2a-g. * P. malmoeyensis, Rhuddanian, Norway, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, x2, e-f, serial sections, g, reconstruction of brachidia, x2.5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 948. atrypidae (p. 1400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-520.jpg?height=1853&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":440.49,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kerpina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Invertininae","Genus":"Kerpina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kerpina STRUVE, 1961, p. 333","Type_species":"K. vineta vineta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Adaptatrypa Struve, 1980, p. 412 (type, A. heckeri, OD)","Synonyms":"Adaptatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, usually with asymmetric growth (commonly fixosessile), variable convexity from ventribiconvex-concavoconvex, proportionally large, very wide, sharp edged, often twisted, procline-orthocline area, large apical foramen, relatively wide deltidial plates, fine to medium tubular-imbricate ribs, overlapping, short growth lamellae, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, pedicle collar conjunct to thick deltidial plates, teeth solid, lacking dental cavities, spiralia dorsomedial, with fewer than 8 whorls, jugal processes curved together in V-shape, tipped by jugal plates. [Possibly synonymous with Falsatrypa, but brachidia for Falsatrypa undescribed.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian, ?lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian, ?lower Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe, Urals (western slopes)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 950, 2a-i. * K. vineta vineta, upper Eifelian, Germany, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x2, d, enlarged detail ornament, x8, e, specimen fixed to alveolitid coral, x2, f-i, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1967e).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 950. atrypidae (p. 1402-1404).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-522.jpg?height=1874&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iowatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Pseudogruenewaldtiinae","Genus":"Iowatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iowatrypa COPPER, 1973c, p. 495","Type_species":"*Atrypa owenensis WEBSTER, 1921, p. 14, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate to equidimensional, planoconvex-ventribiconvex, commonly with short, straight hinge, small, orthocline-anacline area, apical foramen, minute deltidial plates, ribs relatively fine, Atrypa-like, numerous, tightly spaced, non-deflected, very short growth lamellae, commissure rectimarginate, interior with relatively thick ventral valve, usually thick pedicle callist or collar, short teeth with notch for crura, small dental cavities or nuclei, incised muscle scars, prominent, thickened ventral muscle platform, crural bases Z-shaped, crura short, stubby, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 8 whorls, jugal processes thick, ending in minute jugal plates.  [Similar to Pseudogruenewaldtia, but smaller, ventribiconvex-planoconvex shell, possessing apical foramen, deltidial plates, and raised ventral muscle platform.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Urals, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 952,2a\u2013h., I. owenensis (Webster), upper Frasnian, Iowa, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2, e-g, serial sections, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 952. atrypidae (p. 1404-1405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-524.jpg?height=1291&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Catatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Catatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Catatrypa MIZENS , 1993, p. 3","Type_species":"C. schemachensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, convexoconcave to questionably convexoplane, ventral valve almost \ufb02at; protruding beak, catacline-apsacline area; small apical foramen; ribs coarse, with concentric lamellae, spines; internal structures undescribed except for massive crura, lack of dental cavities. [Distinguished from other spinatrypids by \ufb02attened ventral valve, prominent area with catacline-apsacline beak; similar to Oglu in convexity, but lacks hypercline beak of Oglu, and has apsacline area with apical foramen; possibly a synonym of davidsoniid ? Rugodavidsonia, with comparable asymmetry, ribs, area, and foramen; may also be aberrant ?Kerpina.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 954, 1a\u2013c. *C. schemachensis; ventral, dorsal, lateral views, \u00d73 (Mizens, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Invertrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Invertrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Invertrypa STRUVE, 1961, p. 334","Type_species":"Spinatrypa kelusiana STRUVE, 1956, p. 385, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ventribiconvex-planoconvex-concavoconvex; small, hypercline area; foramen transapical; deltidial plates absent or minute, obscured by beak; anterior commissure rectimarginate, rarely weakly sulcate; ribs coarse, undulose to nearly \ufb02at, ending in 4 to 5 mm long, straight spines, especially on ventral valve; strongly developed ventral midrib keel from 2 ribs; internally shell relatively thick; teeth short; small dental cavities; crura feathered; spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 10 whorls; jugal processes with minute jugal plates.  [Distinguished from Spinatrypa by small size, reversed convexity, rectimarginate commissure, relatively strong ventral midrib plan, obscured hypercline area, distinguished from Isospinatrypa by almost flat ribs, hypercline area, absence of deltidial plates, enlarged ventral midrib pair. Distinguished from Oglu by reversed convexity.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-lower Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, northwestern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 955, 2a-h. *I. kelusiana (Struve), upper Eifelian, ?lower Givetian, Germany, a-d, ventral, lateral, ventral, dorsal views of 2 specimens, x2, e g, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1967d), h, reconstruction of brachidia, x4 (Copper, 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967, \nCopper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 955. atrypidae (p. 1406-1408).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-528.jpg?height=1862&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punctspinatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Punctspinatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punctspinatrypa RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1975, p. 116","Type_species":"Atrypa rejensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Atrypunculus Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 94 (type, A. hians Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 95, OD)","Synonyms":"Atrypunculus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ventribiconvex-planoconvex, rounded to elongate, hypercline area, concealed deltidial plates, foramen, well-developed ventral midrib pair forming weak carination, ribs coarse, posteriorly relatively straight, interrupted by regular, short growth lamellae along commissure, lacking wavelike interruptions, spines undescribed (shell nonfenestrate), commissure rectimarginate to very weakly plicate, slender, vertically oriented teeth, small dental cavities, slender socket plates, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Fenestrae or punctae attributed to genus absent in topotype specimens of type species, are possibly borings. Convexity, midrib pair as in Invertrypa, but internal comparison unavailable, possibly synonymous with Oglu, but for convexity, which may be variable.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 954, 2a-e. * P. rejensis (Khodalevich), Pragian, eastern slopes, Urals, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x1, d-e, serial sections, approximately x3 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 954. atrypidae (p. 1406-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-527.jpg?height=1080&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waiotrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Waiotrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waiotrypa BALINSKI, 1997, p. 429","Type_species":"W. sulcicarina BALINSKI, 1997, p. 430, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, ventrally weakly carinate, dorsally sulcate, commissure rectimarginate to weakly sulcate, small orthocline area, apical foramen, deltidial plates. Surface finely, imbricately ribbed, slightly raised ventral midrib pair. Interior with prominent dental cavities, muscle scars deeply impressed, not raised, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed. Ribbing, biconvexity, impressed muscle scars, and large dental cavities suggest assignment to Spinatrypina species-group, particularly the finely ribbed type of Exatrypa.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 956, 2a-d. * W. sulcicarina, Poland, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, x2 (Balinski, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Balinski, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 956. atrypidae (p. 1407-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-529.jpg?height=1841&width=1277&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Anatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anatrypa NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 172","Type_species":"Anatrypa micans (von BUCH, 1840, p. 56, OD)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ventribiconvexplanoconvex, rounded outline; protruding beak, orthocline area; large apical foramen; prominent deltidial plates; \ufb01nely ribbed; growth lamellae, frills, trail absent; rectimarginate commissure; pedicle callist absent; slender teeth, with accessory lobes; large dental cavities; thin shell wall; delicate hinge plates; crura feathered; spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 10 whorls; jugal processes terminating in V-shaped plates.  [Distinguished from Variatrypa and Radiatrypa in convexity, lack of projecting trail, nature of deltidial plates inside pedicle cavity.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 958, 2a-f. *A. micans (von Buch), Syas River, Russian Platform, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 958. atrypidae (p. 1413-1419).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-533.jpg?height=1875&width=1285&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heckerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Heckerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heckerella Rzhonsnitskaia & SOKIRAN, 2000, p. 426","Type_species":"Anatrypa heckeri NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 173, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, moderately biconvex, rectimarginate, ventral valve weakly carinate from 2 midribs, dorsal valve slightly sulcate, commissure broadly rectimarginate to weakly paraplicate, small protruding beak, orthocline area, apical foramen and small deltidial plates, ribs fine, tubular, with weak growth interruptions, lacking growth lamellae, frills, or trail, large dental cavities, moderately slender teeth, weak hinge plate, small crural bases, spiralia and jugal processes undescribed.  [Presence of \ufb01lae in rib troughs suggest af\ufb01nity with Desquamatia group, but shell is also broadly similar to Gibberosatrypa, from which it differs by a more elongate hinge, dorsal sulcus, and narrower ribs; overall af\ufb01nity uncertain.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian, ?middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian, ?middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian, ?middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig. 958, 4a-e. *H. heckeri (Nalivkin), lower Frasnian, Shelon River, Russian Platform, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1.5, e, serial section, x3 (Rzhonsnitskaia & Sokiran, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia & Sokiran, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 958. atrypidae (p. 1413-1419).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-533.jpg?height=1875&width=1285&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Gutnia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Plectatrypinae","Genus":"P. (Gutnia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Gutnia) COPPER, 1996b, p. 915","Type_species":"G. capidula COPPER, 1996b, p. 917, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded outline; orthocline-anacline area; small, protruding beak; apical-transapical foramen; minute deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne to very \ufb01ne, evenly sized over shell surface; closely spaced imbricate growth lamellae; rib crests terminated by bulbous caps (capidulae); gently to strongly plicate anterior commissure; shell wall thick apically; deltidial plates hollow, distally retreating to sides of pedicle cavity; teeth short, anteriorly accommodating groove for crura; hinge plate sturdy; socket plates thin; crura very delicate; spiralia, jugal processes undescribed  .Differs from Plectatrypa in much finer ribs, presence of capidulae, lack of strong ventral midrib pair, lack of carination, internally similar but thick walled.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"western Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 967, 2a-g. *P. (G.) capidula, upper Wenlock, Gotland, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x3, d-f, serial sections, x5, g, capidulae, x20 (Copper, 1996b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 967. atrypinidae (p. 1427).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-547.jpg?height=1849&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sypharatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Plectatrypinae","Genus":"Sypharatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sypharatrypa COPPER, 1982, p. 690","Type_species":"S. honora COPPER, 1982, p. 692, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex-dorsibiconvex; protruding beak; small apsacline-orthocline area; rimmed apical foramen; small deltidial plates; ribs interrupted by relatively widely spaced, wavy, short growth lamellae, projecting 1 to 2 mm, subparallel to shell surface; rounded, plicate commissure; thin or no pedicle callist; small teeth; small dental cavities; dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 6 whorls, jugal processes undescribed. [Externally similar in shape to Eospirigerina and Schachriomonia, but lacking carination and possessing wavelike, extended, short growth lamellae; differs from Plectatrypa in having coarser, wider ribs, without well-de\ufb01ned carination, rib imbrication.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Ashgill), Silurian (lower Llandovery","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Ashgill), Silurian (lower Llandovery-middle Llandovery)","Geography":"eastern North America, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 968a-e. *S. honora, Rhuddanian, Manitoulin Island, Canada, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x2, d, dorsal view of large specimen showing growth lamellae, x2, e, detail of dorsal beak, x12 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 968. atrypinidae (p. 1427).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-548.jpg?height=721&width=1267&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xanthea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Plectatrypinae","Genus":"Xanthea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xanthea COPPER, 1996b, p. 917","Type_species":"Atrypa imbricata var. lamellosa LINDSTR\u00d6M, 1861, p. 363, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex, wider than long or equidimensional, small orthocline-anacline area, protruding beak, apical to transapical foramen, small deltidial plates, ribs coarse, thicker apical midrib pair diverging rapidly, outlining sharp ventral sulcus, 2 to 4 ribs lining crest of strong, sharp dorsal fold, growth lamellae widely spaced, nonimbricate, microornament of zigzag filae, sharply plicate commissure, internally thick deltidial plates lining inside of pedicle cavity, pedicle callist absent, teeth solid, short, stubby, thick hinge plate, inner socket ridges expanded, globose, crura delicate, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 9 whorls, jugal processes delicate, terminating without touching.  [Differs from Plectatrypa in very coarse ribs, widely spaced growth lamellae, zigzag, microornamental filae, larger size.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian-Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 969a-h. *X. lamellosa (Lindstr\u00f6m), lower Wenlock, Gotland, a, dorsal view, x4, b-d, ventral, posterior, lateral views, x2, e-g, serial sections, x5, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1996b)","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 969. atrypinidae (p. 1427).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-549.jpg?height=1876&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Punctatrypinae","Genus":"Undatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undatrypa COPPER, 1978, p. 302","Type_species":"Terebratula munieri GRUENEWALDT, 1854, p. 58113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Munieratrypa (Munieratrypa) Mizens & Rzhonsnitskaia, 1979, p. 60 (type, Punctatrypa munieri dichotomoplicata Rzhonsnitskaia, 1960a, pl. 56, 4ab, nom. nud., no description, OD, vid. Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975, p. 156)\"","Synonyms":"Munieratrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, flattened, biconvex, carinate posteroventrally, sulcate dorsally, moderately long hinge, small orthocline area, protruding beak, apical foramen flanked by deltidial plates, ribs fine, posteriorly overprinted by coarse, strong ribs, fading anteriorly, ventral midribs producing keel, anterior, diagonal fenestrae at intersections of growth lamellae and finer ribs, commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate, thick shell wall, solid teeth, hinge plates strong, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Distinguished from other Punctatrypinae by having fine ribs overprinted with coarse ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals, southwestern Europe, China, northern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 973, 2a-f. *U. munieri (Gruenewaldt), Emsian, eastern slopes, Urals, a, ventral view, x2.5, b, macroornament, fenestrae, x12, c-d, dorsal, ventral interiors, x2.5, e-f, serial sections, x5 (Copper, 1978).\u2014\u2014Fig. 973, 2g-j. U. bellatula (Wang, Copper, & Rong), Emsian, Guangxi, China, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x3 (Wang, Copper, & Rong, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1978, \nWang, Copper, & Rong, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 973. punctatrypidae (p. 1434-1438).\nfig. 973. punctatrypidae (p. 1434-1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-555.jpg?height=1852&width=1293&top_left_y=221&top_left_x=195)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-555.jpg?height=1852&width=1293&top_left_y=221&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atrypinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinellinae","Genus":"Atrypinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atrypinella KHODALEVICH, 1939, p. 45","Type_species":"Atrypa (Atrypinella) biloba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded, globose, bilobate to biconvex, both valves normally sulcate, ventral valve subcarinate posteriorly, finely ribbed, with decorticated shell giving granulose appearance, closely spaced, flat, short growth lamellae, ligate to rectimarginate commissure, short teeth, possessing nuclei or small dental cavities, hinge socket plates thick, dorsal spiralia with fewer than 6 whorls, jugal processes thin, ventromedial to medial, almost touching.  [Differs from Reticulatrypa in subcarinate, bisulcate shell, includes well-known A. granulifera (Barrande, 1879b).]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Urals, central Asia, western Europe, arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 975, 1 a-d. *A. biloba (Khodalevich), Lochkovian, Urals, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1939).--Fig. 975, 1e-f. A. losvensis (Khodalevich), upper Lochkovianlower Pragian, eastern slopes, Urals, serial sections, x2 (Mizens, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1939, \nMizens, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 975. punctatrypidae (p. 1438).\nfig. 975. punctatrypidae (p. 1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-558.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-558.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reticulatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinellinae","Genus":"Reticulatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reticulatrypa SAVAGE, 1970, p. 663","Type_species":"R. fairhillensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded, subcircular to ovate, globose, biconvex, weakly carinate or noncarinate, small orthocline area, apical foramen, minute deltidial plates, finely ribbed, imbricate ornamentation produced by less than 1-mm-spaced, short growth lamellae, rectimarginate to flat, widely plicate commissure, shell wall thin, teeth with possible dental cavities, muscle scars weakly incised, hinge plate delicate, spiralia of fewer than 6 whorls, dorsally directed, jugal processes undescribed (from silicified type material). [Ornamentation similar to possibly congeneric Atrypinella, but lacking strong bisulcation of type species; differs from Limbatrypa in imbricate ornamentation; af\ufb01nities with Atrypinellinae uncertain, possibly referable to Atrypinae.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Pridoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?P\u0159idoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"Australia, ?Europe, ?Urals, ?northwestern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 975, 2a-e. * R. fairhillensis, Pragian, New South Wales, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, e, lateral view of spiralium, x3 (Savage, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 975. punctatrypidae (p. 1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-558.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zygatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Anazygidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anazygoidea","Family":"Anazygidae","Subfamily":"Anazyginae","Genus":"Zygatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zygatrypa Copper, 1977a, p. 307","Type_species":"Zygospira paupera BILLINGS, 1866, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly carinate, ventribiconvex-planoconvex; narrow hinge; beak minute, pinched; small anacline to hypercline area; minute deltidial plates; apical-transapical foramen; shell almost smooth to partly ribbed, ribs coarsening distally, shell generally smooth on lateral \ufb02anks; where present, 6 to 8 ribs occupying ventral carina; broadly sulcate commissure; interior relatively thick walled; short teeth with dental nuclei, dental cavities lacking; hinge plate stout; crura short, laterally directed; spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 5 whorls; jugum curved, posterodorsal, almost resting on dorsal valve \ufb02oor.  [Distinguished from Zygospira by its thick shell wall, trend toward lateral or total rib loss, \ufb01ne ribs on ventral carina, lack of dental cavities, and posteriorly located jugum.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Sheinwoodian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sheinwoodian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Sheinwoodian)","Geography":"North America, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 976, 3a-h. *Z. paupera (Billings), Telychian, Anticosti, Canada, a, ventral view, x4, b-c, dorsal, anterior views, x3, d-e, serial sections, x5, f-g, camera lucida drawings, x6, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 976. anazygidae (p. 1440).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-560.jpg?height=1512&width=1282&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentlandella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Anazygidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anazygoidea","Family":"Anazygidae","Subfamily":"Catazyginae","Genus":"Pentlandella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentlandella BOUCOT, 1964b, p. 104","Type_species":"Rhynconella sic pentlandicus HASWELL, 1865, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, subpentagonal outline; small, hypercline area; beak minute; apicaltransapical foramen; deltidial plates lost; very \ufb01ne ribs; \ufb01ne to almost smooth shell; commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate; interior with thick shell wall; partly raised ventral muscle \ufb01eld; short, solid teeth; hinge plate small, with central cardinal pit; delicate crura; posteromedial to mediodorsal spiralia with fewer than 5 whorls; W- to U-shaped, ventroposterior jugum.  [Distinguished from Catazyga by small, pentagonal shell, very \ufb01ne ribs, weak hinge plate, raised ventral muscle \ufb01eld, reduced number of spiralial whorls. Holotype and paratypes preserved as molds in sandstones.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 977, 1a-g. P. tenuistriata Rubel, Telychian, Estonia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, x2, d-f, serial sections, x5, g, reconstruction of brachidium, x3.5 (Copper, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 977. anazygidae (p. 1442-1443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-561.jpg?height=1275&width=1279&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prodavidsonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Davidsoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Prodavidsonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prodavidsonia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956, p. 564","Type_species":"P. dalejensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Quasidavidsonia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 106 (type, Prodavidsonia vicina Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967b, p. 215, OD)","Synonyms":"Quasidavidsonia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Symmetrical, wider than long, flat, planoconvex to weakly concavoconvex to weakly ventribiconvex, weakly carinate, weakly convex ventral valve, weakly convex, flat, posteriorly sulcate dorsal valve, shell liberosessile, wide apsaclineorthocline area, slightly projecting beak, apical foramen flanked by deltidial plates, smooth to weakly concentrically ornamented surface, commissure rectimarginate to weakly sulcate, teeth solid, hinge plate Davidsonia-like with small cardinal process, spiralial grooves impressed in raised cones of ventral valve, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Spiralial grooves in ventral valve, muscle scars as in Davidsonia, but more weakly impressed; differs in having apical foramen, liberosessile ventral valve (uncemented to substrate), bilateral symmetry, wider than long shape.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?Pragian, Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?Pragian, Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 979, 2a-e. * P. dalejensis, Emsian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior views, x2 (new), e, interior ventral valve, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 979. davidsoniidae (p. 1444-1446).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-564.jpg?height=1828&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugodavidsonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Davidsoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rugodavidsonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugodavidsonia Copper, 1996a, p. 597","Type_species":"Davidsonia woodwardiana de KONINCK, 1855, p. 284, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, planoconvex-concavoconvex, rounded to ovoid outline, usually asymmetrical, short hinge line, ventral valve apex flattened, cemented or liberosessile apically, strongly protruding beak, large, flat area, deltidial plates narrow, high, completely sealing delthyrium, foramen absent, rectimarginate commissure, smooth apically, coarsely ribbed ornamentation distally, ventral valve with central cones accommodating dorsally directed spiralia from opposing valve, lacking spiralial grooves, muscle scars, gonadal pits atrypoid, short hinge plate, protruding partially into delthyrial cavity, crura, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Differs from Davidsonia in presence of coarse radial ribs, rounded-elongate shape, liberosessile ventral valve, lack of spiralial grooves in ventral valve; homeomorphic with Permian orthotetids, but differing in lack of notothyrium, chilidium.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, USA (Nevada), southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 979, 4a-h. *R. woodwardiana (de Koninck), upper Eifelian, Belgium, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x2, f-h, interior ventral valve, interior and exterior of same dorsal valve, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 979. davidsoniidae (p. 1444-1446).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-564.jpg?height=1828&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biconostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Biconostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biconostrophia HAVL\u00cdCEK, 1956, p. 562","Type_species":"B. spirifera HAVL\u00cdCEK, 1956, p. 563; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[=Davidsoniatrypa LENZ , 1968, p. 182 (type, D. johnsoni, OD)] [?Biconostrophia (Cherkesovaena) HAVL\u00cdCEK \u02c7 , 1987a, p. 103 (type, B. sinelkovaensis CHERKESOVA, 1980, p. 171, OD)].","Synonyms":"Davidsoniatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, semicircular outline, \ufb02at to weakly biconvex, ventrally carinate to weakly resupinate; wide, long, strophic hinge; shell widest at hinge; apsacline-orthocline beak; apical foramen; wide deltidial plates; ribs coarse distally, tubular, expanding, rarely bifurcating; single or double ventral midrib pair producing keel; trail unknown; muscle scars incised in ventral valve, slightly raised on platform in dorsal valve; solid teeth; raised cardinal process; cardinal pit absent; spiralia strongly impressed into cones on ventral valve, fewer than 6 whorls; jugal processes undescribed.  [Similar to and possibly synonymous with Carinatina, but lacking dental cavities, spiralia impressed into ventral grooves as in Davidsonia. Cherkesovaena is possibly pseudopunctate (CHERKESOVA , 1980), otherwise identical to Biconostrophia.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian\u2013Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Australia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 981, 3a\u2013d. *B. spirifera (HAVL\u00cdCEK \u02c7 ), Emsian, Czech Republic; a\u2013b, dorsal, ventral views; c\u2013d, internal views of dorsal, ventral valves, \u00d71.5 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 981. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-567.jpg?height=1536&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carinatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Carinatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carinatrypa COPPER, 1973c, p. 496","Type_species":"Spinatrypa dysmorphostrota CRICKMAY, 1960, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hergetatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 97 (type, Carinatina minuta Siehl, 1962, p. 188, OD)","Synonyms":"Hergetatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, ventroapically carinate; small protruding beak; apsaclineorthocline area; apical foramen, deltidial plates; coarse tubular ribs, usually with concentric growth lamellae; trail with rib coarsening; moderately to strongly plicate commissure; thin shell; pedicle collar absent; teeth with large dental cavities; thin hinge, socket plates; crura delicate; dorsal spiralia with fewer than 10 whorls (not impressed into ventral valve); jugal processes with small, hooked jugal plates.  [Differs from Carinatina and Biconostrophia in strong dorsal convexity (expansion of spiralia), high anterior fold, skirt with rib coarsening (instead of fine costellae), hinge plate divided by cardinal pit, possibly synonymous with Mogoliella.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (?upper Eifelian, Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (?upper Eifelian, Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (?upper Eifelian, Givetian)","Geography":"northwestern Canada, USA (Michigan), western Europe, Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 982, 1a-e. C. dysmorphostrota (Crickmay), lower Givetian, Northwest Territories, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior views, x2, e, internal ventral valve, x2 (Copper, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 982. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-568.jpg?height=1778&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eifelatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eifelatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eifelatrypa COPPER, 1973c, p. 497","Type_species":"Atrypa reticularis var. plana KAYSER, 1871, p. 545, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, widest between hinge and midshell; round hinge corners; biconvex, strophic, lacking ventral carination (except neanic shells); area apsaclineorthocline; prominent apical foramen; wide deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne, tubular, even over whole shell; trail with \ufb01ne ribs continuing from main shell; rectimarginate; interior pedicle collar continuous with deltidial plates; solid teeth; hinge plate wide, thick, lacking cardinal pit, capped by large, bushy cardinal process; crural bases large, extended from bulbous inner socket ridges; spiralia weakly incised into cones on thickened ventral valve; dorsal spiralia with about 8 to 10 whorls; thick jugal processes with large, bosslike jugal plates.   [Differs from Carinatina and Biconostrophia by loss of carination, finer ribs, lack of costellae on trail, nature of hinge socket plates, crura, jugal boss.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 980, 2a-h. *E. plana (Kayser), upper Eifelian, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, internal view ventral valve, x2 (new), f-h, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 980. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-566.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gruenewaldtia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Palaferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gruenewaldtia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gruenewaldtia CHERNYSHEV, 1885, p. 46","Type_species":"Terebratula latilinguis SCHNUR, 1851, p. 7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Palaferella Spriestersbach, 1942, p. 187 (type, P. rhenana, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Palaferella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, rounded, globose, biconvex-ventribiconvex, umbo inflated, orthocline-anacline, rarely hypercline area, small apical foramen, deltidial plates, fine-medium ribs, concentric filae, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, thick shell wall, pedicle callist or collar continuous with deltidial plates, interior of inner part of deltidial plates forming flange alongside foramen, muscle platforms on both valves raised above shell floor by 2 or more septa, ventral muscle platform larger than dorsal, hinge plate strong, crural bases small, crura laterally directed, dorsomedially directed spiralia with fewer than 15 whorls, disjunct, posteroventral jugal processes, terminating in spinose boss.  [Distinct from homeomorphic Desatrypa and probably ancestral Neokarpinskia in septally raised muscle platforms. Early species have more septa supporting muscle platform, are smaller, more coarsely ribbed.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Novaya Zemlya, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Siberia, arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 983a-h. *G. latilinguis (Schnur), middle Eifelian, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, d-e, interior of ventral, dorsal valves with muscle platforms, f-h, serial sections, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 983. palaferellidae (p. 1450-1452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-570.jpg?height=1755&width=1273&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karpinskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Karpinskiinae","Genus":"Karpinskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karpinskia CHERNYSHEV, 1885, p. 48","Type_species":"K. conjugula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, highly elongate, narrow, rectangular to triangular, laterally compressed, roughly squared in anterior view, dorsibiconvex, convexoplane, protruding beak, short hinge, acute hinge angle, apsacline-orthocline area, prominent apical foramen, thick deltidial plates, ribs fine apically, nonbifurcating, to very coarse anteriorly, zigzag at commissure, wide, high, subrectangular, plicate commissure, thick shell wall, weak vascular ridges, medium to thick pedicle callist-collar, long, narrow teeth, elongated dental cavities, thick hinge plate, long, thin socket plates, small crural bases, crura, dorsally directed spiralia with fewer than 13 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Differentiated from Karpinskia by small size, coarser ribs posteriorly, rhynchonelliform shape, differs from Vagrania by its elongate outline, anteriorly coarse ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern Europe, Urals, central Asia, China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 984, 1a-g. *K. conjugula, Emsian, western slopes, Urals, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1, e-g, serial sections, x2.5 (Mizens, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 984. karpinskiidae (p. 1452-1456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-572.jpg?height=1181&width=1289&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vagrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Vagraniinae","Genus":"Vagrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vagrania Alekseeva, 1959, p. 389, Totia Rzhonsnitskaia & MIZENS, 1977, p. 20","Type_species":"Atrypa kolymensis NALIVKIN, 1936, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dentatrypa Breivel, 1959, p. 57, obj., Totia Rzhonsnitskaia & Mizens, 1977, p. 20 (type, Atrypa intermediafera Khodalevich, 1951, p. 62, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded, biconvex, prominent apsacline-orthocline area, apical foramen, ribs medium to coarse, consistently spaced, bifurcating ventrally, intercalating dorsally, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, large deltidial plates fused into collar, teeth with prominent dental cavities, strong ventral vascular ridges, hinge plate thick, crural bases, crura delicate, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 20 whorls, jugal processes terminating in jugal plates curving away from each other. [Distinguished from Mimatrypa by its convexity, bifurcating and intercalating coarser ribs, dental cavities; differs from Desatrypa by having dental cavities (dental plates), coarser ribs. Totia has been distinguished from Vagrania by its somewhat \ufb01ner ribs and the presence of microornamental tubercles, but these characters appear to be variable.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, arctic Canada, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 986, 1a-e. *V. kolymensis (Nalivkin), upper Emsian, ?lower Eifelian, Kolyma, northeastern Siberia, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, x1, e, serial section, x2 (Rzhonsnitskaia & Mizens, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia & Mizens, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 986. karpinskiidae (p. 1456-1457).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-574.jpg?height=1655&width=1284&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Desatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Vagraniinae","Genus":"Desatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Desatrypa COPPER, 1964, p. 363","Type_species":"Desatrypa Copper, 1964, p. 363 *Atrypa desquamata Sowerby, 1840b, explanation to pl. 56, fig. 19-20, OD =Lixatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 78 (type, L. ponderosa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987a, p. 80, OD).","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Lixatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 78 (type, L. ponderosa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 80, OD)\"","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, moderately biconvex-dorsibiconvex, rounded outline, prominent beak, orthocline area, large apical foramen surrounded by deltidial plates, fine to medium, even, bifurcating or intercalating ribs, commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate, pedicle callist or collar continuous from deltidial plates, posteriorly incised muscle scars raised anteriorly on solid platform, distinctive ventral vascular ridges, solid teeth, hinge plates thick, massive, crura small, delicate, dorsal spiralia with about 15 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Identical to Vagrania in strongly raised vascular ridges, pedicle callist and deltidial plate complex, hinge plates, crura, brachidia, but with larger, more \ufb01nely ribbed shell, solid teeth lacking dental cavities. Genus commonly homeomorphic with Variatrypa (Variatrypinae).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 986, 2 a-f . *D. desquamata (Sowerby), upper Givetian, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x1, d-e, serial sections, United Kingdom, x2 (Copper, 1965a), f, internal mold of ventral valve, Germany, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 986. karpinskiidae (p. 1456-1457).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-574.jpg?height=1655&width=1284&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Hircinisca)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Septatrypidae","Subfamily":"Septatrypinae","Genus":"S. (Hircinisca)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Hircinisca) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 241","Type_species":"Atrypa Sappho sic var. hircina BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 90, fig. IV, OD, no original description of types","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Identical to S. (Septatrypa) internally, but variably up to 7 or 8 anterior corrugations along fold-sulcus producing rhynchonelliform shape, appearance of anterior ribs, population variants of Septatrypa sensu stricto also possess weak corrugations.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"middle Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, North America, Urals, central Asia, ?southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 995, 2a-g. * S. (H.) hircina (Barrande), upper Wenlock, Czech Republic, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x1, f- g, serial sections, x4.6 (Havli\u010dek & Plodowski, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek & Plodowski, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":430.62,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glassia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Glassioidea","Family":"Glassiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glassia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glassia DAVIDSON, 1881a, p. 11","Type_species":"Glassia elongata DAVIDSON, 1881b, p. 148, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cryptatrypa Siehl, 1962, p. 196 (type, G. obovata (Sowerby))","Synonyms":"Cryptatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex to weakly ventribiconvex, rounded to elongate; small anacline-hypercline area; beak obscuring minute apical-transapical foramen; deltidial plates minute or absent; commissure ligate (both valves sulcate) to rectimarginate, thick shell wall, medium septum common in both valves, teeth distally solid or with minute apical dental cavities, buried dental plates, thick, squared hinge plate divided by narrow cardinal pit, spiralia barrel shaped, medially directed, fewer than 6 whorls, ventroposterior jugal processes terminating in hooks.  [The originally and unfortunately designated type species of Glassia, G. obovata (SOWERBY), is a species of Lissatrypa (family Lissatrypidae), with dorsally directed spiralia; DAVIDSON (1881b) correctly identi\ufb01ed Glassia elongata with medially directed spiralia, typical of the family Glassiidae as de\ufb01ned by SCHUCHERT and LEVENE (1929a) and used by DAVIDSON in his diagnosis of the genus. This species was then selected as type (COPPER , 1996b).]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock-Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"western Europe, Urals, ?northern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 997, 1a-e. *G. sp. cf. G. elongata (Davidson), Wenlock, Gotland, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d7 3 (new), Fig. 997, 1f-i. *G. elongata (Davidson), Wenlock, United Kingdom, f-h, serial sections, \u00d7 5, i, reconstruction of brachidium, \u00d7 5 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 997. glassiidae (p. 1469-1470).\nfig. 997. glassiidae (p. 1469-1470).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-588.jpg?height=1705&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-588.jpg?height=1705&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karbous":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Glassioidea","Family":"Glassiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Karbous","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karbous HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1985a, p. 236","Type_species":"K. aperinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, rounded to elongate to subrectangular outline, ventribiconvex; beak in\ufb02ated; small, anacline-hypercline area; apical foramen \ufb02anked by minute deltidial plates; rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure; squared pedicle cavity; teeth with dental cavities, dental plates; hinge plate with cardinal pit, lacking process; inner socket ridges \ufb02at; crura, spiralia, jugal processes unknown.   [Similar to Glassia internally but differing in larger size, ventribiconvex-planoconvex shape, lack of sulci on either valve, expanded anacline-hypercline area, foramen, small dental cavities outlining dental plates, distinguished from Peratos by small dental cavities, small area, distinguished from Lissatrypa by hinge plate with distinct cardinal pit, straight inner socket ridges, prominent dental cavities.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"western Europe, Urals, central Asia, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 997, 2a-f. * K. aperinus, upper Emsian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x3.5, e-f, serial sections, X5.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1985a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 997. glassiidae (p. 1469-1470).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-588.jpg?height=1705&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peratos":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Glassioidea","Family":"Glassiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Peratos","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peratos COPPER, 1986b, p. 856","Type_species":"P. arrectus COPPER, 1986b, p. 859, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, rounded to subquadrate outline, weakly biconvex; prominent orthocline area; strong protruding beak; apical foramen; prominent deltidial plates; rectimarginate commissure; thick shell wall; median septa lacking in either valve; large, subpyramidal dental cavities; long, straight dental plates; medially directed, barrel-shaped spiralia with 4 to 6 whorls; jugal processes posteromedial, terminating in large, spoonshaped, incurved jugal plates.   [Distinguished from Karbous by its large, orthocline area, biconvexity, internally by large dental cavities, free, straight dental plates, distinguished from Glassia in larger size, prominent orthocline area, lack of sulci, wide dental cavities, jugal processes.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals (western slopes)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 998, 1a-b. * P. arrectus, upper Eifelian, Germany, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x3, e-g, serial sections, x4, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x4 (Copper, 1986b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 998. glassiidae (p. 1470).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-590.jpg?height=1682&width=1275&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Manespira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protozygoidea","Family":"Protozygidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Manespira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Manespira COPPER, 1986b, p. 839","Type_species":"Hallina nicolleti Winchell & SCHUCHERT, 1892, p. 293, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded outline, ventribiconvex-biconvexplanoconvex, commonly weakly ventrocarinate, neanic shell smooth, adult corrugated anteriorly, weak, diverging midrib pair on ventral valve, commonly with small fold developed on dorsal sulcus, area minute, very small beak, minute foramen, deltidial plates unknown, unisulcate to bisulcate commissure, thin shell wall, minute teeth, small dental cavities, thin, narrow hinge plates, medially directed spiralia with 1 whorl or part whorl, anterior to central, complete or incomplete jugum.  [Distinct from Protozyga in its very simple spiralium (usually 1 whorl or fewer), incomplete jugum, commonly more frequent corrugations along adult commissure.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 999, 1a-i. *M. nicolleti (Winchell & Schuchert), lower Caradoc, Minnesota, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x4, f-g, serial sections, x6 (Copper, 1986b), b-i, reconstruction of brachidium, x10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 999. protozygidae (p. 1472).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-592.jpg?height=1882&width=1278&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xysila":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protozygoidea","Family":"Protozygidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xysila","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xysila Copper, 1995, p. 848, X. astaca COPPER, 1995, p. 849","Type_species":"X. astaca COPPER, 1995, p. 849, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate, ventribiconvex, globose, noncarinate, hypercline area, small, inflated beak, transapical foramen, deltidial plates unknown, smooth shell lacking corrugations or ribs, commissure weakly sulcate to ligate, both valves usually with narrow median sulcus, interior with thick shell apically, minute teeth with dental cavities, strong dorsal septum, crura sharply laterally geniculated, medially directed spiralia, jugum beginning anteriorly, joining dorsocentrally.   [Similar to Cyclospira in shape and medially directed spiralia, but possessing simple jugum, lacking corrugations along commissure. Xysila could be assigned to Cyclospiridae, if alternately derived from Cyclospira via later addition of jugum, but ancestry seems more probable with Protozygidae. Xysila probable ancestor to Glassiidae.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Ashgill, western Europe, ?Llandovery","Figure_captions":"Fig. 999, 2a-i. *X. astaca, Ashgill, Anticosti, Canada, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x3, f-g, serial sections, x5, h-i, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 999. protozygidae (p. 1472).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-592.jpg?height=1882&width=1278&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Actinoconchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Actinoconchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Actinoconchus M'Coy, 1844, p. 149, Actinoconchus M'Coy in GRIFFITH, 1842, p. 18, nom. nud.","Type_species":"A. paradoxus, M","Synonyms_with_authors":"Actinoconchus M'Coy in Griffith, 1842, p. 18, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Actinoconchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, biconvex, elongate oval, subcircular to transversely oval shells, very long, flat, delicate, radially striated, nonspinose flanges of shell from rugae or strong growth lines on both valves, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus absent or with shallow sulci on both valves forming ligate anterior, internal characters imperfectly known, jugum essentially as in Athyris.  [A. paradoxus was the only species described under Actinoconchus so it must be considered the type by monotypy. DAVIDSON (1859) placed A. paradoxus into subjective synonymy with Athyris planosulcata (PHILLIPS, 1836) and many authors have accepted this. We agree with CARTER (1967) and BRUNTON (1980) in believing the two species to be distinct and so retain the name A. paradoxus for the type species of Actinoconchus.]\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous, ?Lower Permian (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian), ?Lower Permian","Geography":"southern China, upper Famennian, Europe, North America, Middle East, China, Australia, Vis\u00e9an-Bashkirian, northeastern China, ?India, ?Lower Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1015,1a\u2013b. *A. paradoxus, Vis\u00e9an, Kildare, Ireland; a, lectotype viewed dorsally, NMING: F6660, Grif\ufb01th Collection; b, ventral view showing \ufb02anges, BMNH B5392, Davidson Collection, \u00d71.5 (Brunton, 1980; photographs courtesy of C. H. C. Brunton).\u2014\u2014Fig . 1015,1c\u2013d. A. planosulcata (PHILLIPS), Lower Carboniferous, Yorkshire, England; ventral and lateral views showing jugum (Glass in Davidson, 1882). [See also Fig. 1002.5, p. 1477, in introduction.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1015. athyrididae (p. 1498-1500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-620.jpg?height=1893&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamellosathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Lamellosathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamellosathyris JIn & FANG, 1983, p. 147","Type_species":"Spirifer lamellosus LEVEILLE, 1835, p. 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, subcircular to transversely elliptical shells, with long, radially corrugated shell flanges extending from rugae of both valves, with ventral sulcus and low dorsal fold with or without shallow median groove, dental plates slightly divergent dorsally, may become partially buried by secondary shell thickening during ontogeny, dorsal foramen small, cardinal flanges, more or less developed, projecting posteroventrally, low myophragm present, jugum, located at about midlength of first whorl of spiralia, essentially as in Athyris but accessory jugal lamellae shorter or absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"ower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian) - Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Armenia, North America, Elbourz, southwestern China (Yunnan), Europe, North America, middle Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1019, 2a-r. * L. lamellosa (Leveille), a-d, neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, upper Tournaisian, Tournai, Belgium, BMNH B20138, Piret Collection, x1, e, interior of silicified specimen, upper Tournaisian, Tournai, Belgium, BMNH BB62961, Piret Collection, x3 (Brunton, 1980, photographs courtesy of C. H. C. Brunton), f-r, transverse serial sections 2.2, 3.5, 3.7, 4.3, 4.7, 5.7, 6.9, 8.5, 12.5, 15.2, 15.7, 15.9, 17.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, lower Vis\u00e9an, western Yunnan, China (adapted from Jin & Fang, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1980, \nadapted from Jin & Fang, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1019. athyrididae (p. 1502-1503).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-624.jpg?height=1512&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meristospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Meristospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meristospira Grabau in Grabau & SHERZER, 1910, p. 158","Type_species":"M. michiganensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular or transversely oval biconvex shells, with or without faintly developed dorsal fold and ventral sulcus; growth lines not lamellose; a few low lateral plications may be present; dental plates subparallel, of moderate length; cardinal plate \ufb02at; dorsal myophragm present; spiralia and jugum unknown.  [This genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"USA (Alaska), Armenia, North America, Elbourz, southwestern China (Yunnan), Europe, Belgium, western Yunnan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 1019,1a\u2013c. *M. michiganensis, Michigan; a, posterior internal mold both valves, \u00d73; b\u2013c, lateral and ventral views of internal mold, \u00d72 (Grabau & Sherzer, 1910).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1019. athyrididae (p. 1502-1503).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-624.jpg?height=1512&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Protathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protathyris KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 223","Type_species":"P. praecursor, SD GRABAU, 1932b, p. 90","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Greenfieldia externally and to Athyris internally, but shell wall thin, dental plates thin and very short, cardinal plate triangular, delicate, trilobed anteriorly, the central lobe being the largest and most concave, dorsal foramen large, cardinal flanges absent, dorsal myophragm may be present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock, Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Wenlock, Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1018, 4a-g. *P. praecursor, Lochkovian, Podolia, Russia, a-c, neotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, CNIGR 125\/11475, x2, d, enlargement of ornament of ventral valve, CNIGR 125\/11475, \u00d75; e, posterior part of conjoined valves showing foramen, CNIGR 68\/11475; f, cardinalia, CNIGR 8\/10001, \u00d7 6 (Nikiforova, Modzalevskaya, & Bassett, 1985; photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya); g, lateral view of jugum (adapted from Modzalevskaya, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 1018. athyrididae (p. 1500-1505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-623.jpg?height=1710&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Whitfieldella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Whitfieldellinae","Genus":"Whitfieldella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Whitfieldella Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 58","Type_species":"Atrypa nitida HALL, 1843, Table 14, 5, OD (note that the figure on p. 12 is erroneously numbered as 13 when it should be 14, see Hall figure explanations)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, elongate trigonal to subpentagonal, with or without faint sulcus on both valves, lateral branches of jugum originating at approximately midlength of dorsal valve, vertical or projecting backward at high angle.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian, Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian, Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Geography":"south-central USA, Tadzhikistan, southwestern China (Guizhou), Ashgill; North America, Europe, Siberia, southern China, Silurian; North America, ?Lochkovian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1066, 2a-s. *W. nitida (Hall), Silurian, New York, USA, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 31290, Hall collection, x3, f - h, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, AMNH 40799, Hall collection, x1 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), i-r, transverse serial sections 2.9, 3.1, 3.5, 4.6, 7.5, 7.6, 8.1, 8.4, 9.3, 10.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, GSC 98796 (adapted from Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993), s, lateral view showing jugum (Glass, 1882).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nGSC, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nadapted from Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993, \nGlass, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1066. meristellidae (p. 1566-1570).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-687.jpg?height=1635&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Plectospirinae","Genus":"Plectospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectospira Cooper, 1942, p. 228, nom. nov. pro Ptychospira Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 112, non SLAVIK, 1869","Type_species":"Terebratula ferita von BUCH, 1835, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subequally biconvex, pauciplicate shells of lenticular outline, dorsal fold commonly consisting of elevated median plication frequently with median groove in anterior part, which has corresponding ridge in sinus of opposite valve, foramen in submeso- to permesothyridid position, cardinal plate essentially as in Homoeospira, jugum projecting posteroventrally as very long, simple stem.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ludlow","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian), ?Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)-Middle Devonian (Givetian), ?Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Europe, Altay, Kuznetsk, China, Australia (New South Wales), North America, Verkhoyansk, Kuzbass, Kuznetsk, Mongolia, eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1086, 2ah. *P. ferita (von Buch), Middle Devonian, Eifel, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 497427, x3 (new), f-h, transverse serial sections 1.50, 1.95, 2.15 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, GIB Nr75 (Siehl, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSiehl, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1086. neoretziidae (p. 1591-1596).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-712.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":425.01,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dnestrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Anaplothecinae","Genus":"Dnestrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dnestrina Nikiforova & MODZALEVSKAYA, 1968, p. 206","Type_species":"D. gutta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute to small, concavoconvex to planoconvex, longitudinally ovate to subpentagonal shells covered by numerous, lamellose growth lines, ribs absent, dorsal sulcus shallow, originating in umbo, ventral median fold high but poorly defined laterally, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly sulcate, ventral interior relatively short, prominent, bulbous, widening anteriorly, ventral median septum dividing small muscle fields, pressed against similar median septum on dorsal valve that thickens medially, bifurcating slightly and sharply reduced anteriorly, cardinal process small, marginal borders present, spiralium and jugum unknown. Differs from Anoplotheca and Bifida in lacking ribs, and in prominent concentric growth lamellae.  [Needs revision. When erected, this genus was included in the Atrypidae.]","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Podolia, Moldavia, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1096, 3a-r. *D. gutta, Moldavia, ad, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, CNIGR 1\/9543, \u00d73 (Nikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), e, dorsal view showing pedicle foramen and lamellose growth lines, x5.2 (new, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), f, dorsal interior, x4, g, ventral interior, x6, h, ventral interior showing median septum and well-developed marginal borders, x6, i-j, dorsal and ventral internal molds, x4 (Nikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), k-r, transverse serial sections, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, 3.1, 4.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, x5 (adapted from Nikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCNIGR, \nNikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968, \nNikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968, \nadapted from Nikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1096. anoplothecidae (p. 1607-1609).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-727.jpg?height=180&width=1271&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uncites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Uncites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uncites Defrance in de BLAINVILLE, 1825, p. 630","Type_species":"Terebratulites Gryphus sic von Schlotheim, 1820 in 1820-1823, p. 259, OD, =Uncites gryphoides DEFRANCE, 1827, p. 152","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Evenly ribbed, biconvex, generally elongate, highly variable, asymmetrical shells, shell wall thick, massive, very large, talonlike, protruding, pointed, ventral beak, concentric growth lines present, irregularly spaced, flanks lateral to delthyrium, smooth, foramen absent, but some shells possessing koskinoid perforations, large delthyrium occupied by single, concave deltidium, rarely with medial separation into separate plates, teeth solid, lacking dental plates or cavities, no clear median septa evident in either valve, muscle impressions weak, massive cardinalium, spiralia lateral to ventrolateral, with 6 or more whorls, simple, arched jugum pointed posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Eurasia, western Europe, China, Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1099,1a\u2013f. *U. (U.) gryphus (VON SCHLOTHEIM ), Germany; a\u2013c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views; d, dorsal view, \u00d71; e\u2013f, interiors of dorsal, ventral valves (Jux & Strauch, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"U. (Winterfeldia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"U. (Winterfeldia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"U. (Winterfeldia) SPRIESTERSBACH, 1942, p. 197","Type_species":"U. paulinae WINTERFELD, 1895, p. 658, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Generally smaller than Uncites, and distinguished by presence of brood pouches (parathyridia), W-shaped cardinal margin, narrow cardinal plate with thick process on top, medial and subparallel crura, narrow jugum, widely spaced spiralial whorls.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1099, 2a-g. *U. (W.) paulinae Winterfeld, upper Givetian, Germany, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, e, interior view of brood pouches, x1, f-g, interiors of dorsal, ventral valves (Jux & Strauch, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jux & Strauch, 1966","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Davidsonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Davidsoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Davidsonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Davidsonia BOUCHARD -CHANTEREAUX , 1849, p. 92","Type_species":"D. verneuillii; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, commonly asymmetrical, wider than long, subquadrate to rounded in outline, smooth, \ufb02at to ventribiconvexplanoconvex; cemented ventral valve thick in gerontic stages, usually cemented to hard substrates from apex to commissure, rarely free; dorsal valve \ufb02at to weakly concave; enlarged, \ufb02at, normally apsacline area; pointed, triangular beak; delthyrial cavity normally completely sealed by conjunct deltidial plates (foramen, deltidium, chilidium absent); surface smooth to concentrically wrinkled; rectimarginate commissure; pedicle collar lining apical cavity; teeth solid; hinge plate short, thick, lacking cardinal pit, capped by prominent, bushy cardinal process; crura projected from inner socket ridges; spiralia, rarely preserved, impressed in grooves of raised cones on ventral valve, fewer than 6 whorls, dorsally directed; jugal processes undescribed (except as fragments).  [Distinct from other davidsoniids in \ufb01xosessile cementation of ventral valve, common asymmetry, lack of foramen.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)\u2013Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, central Asia, China, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 979,1a\u2013f. *D. verneuillii, upper Eifelian, Germany; a\u2013c, exterior dorsal view, interior ventral valve (cemented to alveolitid coral), interior dorsal valve, \u00d72 (new); df, serial sections, \u00d75 (Copper, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 979. davidsoniidae (p. 1444-1446).","figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phragmophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Prokopiinae","Genus":"Phragmophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phragmophora COOPER, 1955, p. 50","Type_species":"P. schnuri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, medium-sized, unisulcate to rectimarginate valves with long, straight ventral interarea, delthyrium covered by variably developed notodeltidium with minute apical foramen, cardinal process bilobed, expanded, and medially cleft, fulcral plates developed in adult shells","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 574, 1a-i. * P. schnuri, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, Eifelian, Germany, X1, e, internal mold of ventral valve, Eifelian, Germany, X2, f, g, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x2 (Cooper, 1955), h, ventral interior, Givetian, Poland, x5, i, dorsal interior, Givetian, Poland, x5 (Biernat, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955, \nBiernat, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 574. dalmanellidae (p. 793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-827.jpg?height=1326&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Porostictia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Porostictia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porostictia COOPER, 1955, p. 62","Type_species":"Paraphorhynchus perchaensis STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 316, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, beak suberect, deltidial plates disjunct or just meeting anteriorly, foramen large, fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, high, dentate, costae strong, angular, from umbones, weak on flanks, well-preserved specimens surface with radial striae separated by rows of fine pits, dental plates short, ventrally convergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 811,1a\u2013m. *P. perchaensis (STAINBROOK), Percha Formation, Box Member, Hillsboro; a\u2013e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1; f,paratype, side view, showing striae and pits, \u00d72; gm, serial sections 1.5, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.7 mm from posterior, \u00d73.5 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemithiridoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":null,"Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":null,"Order":"Uncertain","Suborder":null,"Infraorder":null,"Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncertain","Subfamily":null,"Genus":"Hemithiridoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemithiridoidea D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 268","Type_species":"Based on unjustified emendation of Hemithiris d'Orbigny, 1847, p. 268, herein corrected in accordance with Article 35.4.1 of ICZN, 1999.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, globose, typically bearing numerous, fine, dense, radial costellae, commissure broadly to narrowly uniplicate, but dorsal fold indistinct, squama and glotta junction dorsally convex. Crura strong, slender, curved raduliform, attached to small outer hinge plates by their posterodorsal face or to thick socket ridges, crura raduliform, distally pointed and horizontally flattened, somewhat sunken biconcave cardinal process. Two pairs of metanefridia, intestines with curved distal end and terminal expansion, conoidal spirolophe bearing up to 5 whorls. Living species range from subtidal to circalittoral, even bathyal. Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene: England, Belgium, Japan, Alaska, Canada, Sicily, Pliocene-Pleistocene, from Alaska to Japan via European Mediterranean and North Atlantic to North Pacific, Holocene, Antarctica (Cockburn and Seymour Islands), Eocene-Oligocene.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Eocene-Oligocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Eocene-Oligocene","Geography":"England, Belgium, Japan, Alaska, Canada, Sicily, Pliocene-Pleistocene, from Alaska to Japan via European Mediterranean and North Atlantic to North Pacific, Holocene, Antarctica (Cockburn and Seymour Islands), Eocene-Oligocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 899, 2a-f. *H$. psittacea (Gmelin), Holocene, Alaska, $a-c$, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 111004a, x1$, d, internal view of dorsal valve showing crura and low median ridge, x2$, $e$, ventral interior showing dental plates and teeth, x2, f$, dorsal interior showing crura, USNM 111004b, x3$ (Cooper, 1959).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 899. hemithirididae (p. 1326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-446.jpg?height=1435&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":0,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Havlicekia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Havlicekia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Havlicekia BOUCOT, 1963a, p. 693","Type_species":"Spirifer secans BARRANDE, 1848, p. 168, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Plicate in early growth stages, smooth in later growth stages, with narrow intercapillar grooves","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow), Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Salair, Gorny Altai, Bithynia, northern Africa, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1107, 1 a-f .* H. secans (Barrande), Pragian, Bohemia, a-b, dorsal and anterior views, c-f, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1107. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1696).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-056.jpg?height=1889&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hedeina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Hedeina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hedeina BOUCOT, 1957b, p. 323","Type_species":"Anomia crispa LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 702, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With broad, low plications.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1107, 3a-f. * H. crispa (Linnaeus), origin uncertain, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X3.7 (Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1107. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1696).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-056.jpg?height=1889&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Macropleura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Macropleura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Macropleura Boucot, 1963a, p. 690","Type_species":"Delthyris macropleura CONRAD, 1840, p. 207, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ejnespirifer Fu, 1982, p. 176 (type, E. styphelus Fu, 1982, p. 177, OD)","Synonyms":"Ejnespirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"With few prominent plications and deep, U-shaped interspaces, dental plates extrasinal.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery), Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Kazakhstan, northeastern China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1108, 1a-g. *M. macropleura (Conrad), Lochkovian, New York, USA; a\u2013e, anterior, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; f, ventral interior; g, dorsal interior, \u00d72 (Boucot, 1963a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1108. cyrtiidae (p. 1696-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-057.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Striispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striispirifer Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Schuchertia Frederiks, 1926, p. 406, non Gregory, 1899, p. 351","Type_species":"Delthyris niagarensis CONRAD, 1842, p. 261, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With numerous low, rounded, simple plications on flanks","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1108, 2a-f. *S. niagarensis (ConRAD), New York, USA, a, posterior view of dorsal mold, b-f, lateral, posterior, anterior, dorsal, and ventral views, X2 (Boucot, 1963a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1108. cyrtiidae (p. 1696-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-057.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adolfia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Adolfia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adolfia G\u00dcRICH, 1909, p. 136","Type_species":"Spirifer deflexus Roemer, 1843, p. 13, SD SCHUCHERT, 1929, p. 27","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, or with a few incipient plications, flanks with numerous, bifurcating, rounded plications and narrow, U-shaped interspaces, microornament of subradial capillae, dental plates free of umbonal callus, ctenophoridium without crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian), Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1112, 2a-d. *A. deflexa (Roemer), lower Frasnian, Germany, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Vandercammen, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1112. adolfiidae (p. 1703-1707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-062.jpg?height=1865&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chimaerothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Chimaerothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chimaerothyris Paulus, Struve, & WOLFART, 1963, p. 463","Type_species":"C. hotzi Paulus, Struve, & WOLFART, 1963, p. 465, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, transverse with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea long, low, apsacline to orthocline, fold and sulcus prominent, unplicated, flanks with numerous, simple, rounded plications, microornament of subradial capillae crossed by irregularly spaced growth lines, dental plates straight, strong, partly obscured by umbonal callus, ctenophoridium elongate, situated on inner hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1112, 3a-b. *C. hotzi, Germany, holotype, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Paulus, Struve, & Wolfart, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Paulus, Struve, & Wolfart, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1112. adolfiidae (p. 1703-1707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-062.jpg?height=1865&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alatiformia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alatiformia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alatiformia STRUVE, 1963, p. 499","Type_species":"Spirifer alatiformis Drevermann, 1907, p. 126, OD, =Spirifer subcuspidatus var. alata KAYSER, 1871, p. 573","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, strongly transverse, ventral interarea flat, steeply apsacline to catacline, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, flanks with numerous simple plications crossed by closely spaced, nodose growth lines, dental plates widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1129, 2a-c. *A. alatiformis (Drevermann), Emsian, Germany, posterior, ventral, and dorsal views of natural internal mold, X1.5 (Struve, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1129. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-081.jpg?height=1882&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subcuspidella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Subcuspidella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subcuspidella MITTMEYER, 1965, p. 80","Type_species":"Spirifer subcuspidatus SCHNUR, 1851, p. 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, ventral interarea high, flat, apsacline or catacline, cardinal angles acute, flanks with numerous rounded plications, fold and sulcus smooth, crossed by closely spaced, nodose growth lines, dental plates straight, divergent, ctenophoridium and short crural plates present.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1131, 2a-c. * S. subcuspidatus (SCHNUR), Germany; posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (Schnur, 1853 in 1853\u20131854).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1131. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1724-1726).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-083.jpg?height=1205&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geminisulcispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Geminisulcispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geminisulcispirifer SARTENAER, 1982, p. 149","Type_species":"Spirifer bisinus Le HON, 1870, p. 497, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large size, biconvex, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline, with pseudodeltidium, fold and sulcus well defined, costate, sulcus triangular, fold with anteriorly widening median furrow, flanks with numerous simple and bifurcating costae, surface with capillae interrupted by microfila, giving rise to small granules, dental plates intrasinal in type species.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1132, 2a-e. *G. bisinus (Le Hon), Frasnian, France, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Sartenaer, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1132. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-085.jpg?height=1796&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodmitria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Eodmitria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodmitria BRICE, 1982a, p. 575","Type_species":"*E. supradisjuncta boloniensis BRICE, 1982a, p. 578, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex to lenticular, transverse with obtuse to acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, narrow, apsacline, fold low, sulcus poorly defined, costae of fold-sulcus increasing by implantation, flanks with simple rounded costae, surface papillose, dental plates extrasinal, ctenophoridium elevated","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian-middle Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1135, 2a-d. *E. supradisjuncta boloniensis, lower Frasnian, France, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Brice, 1982a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1135. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1730).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-089.jpg?height=956&width=1265&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guangxiispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Guangxiispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guangxiispirifer XIAN SI-YUAN, 1983a, p. 12","Type_species":"G. subaequatus Xian SI-YUAN, 1983a, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea high, curved, apsacline, with deltidial plates, dorsal interarea low, flat, anacline, fold and sulcus lacking, surface with concentric growth lines and capillae, strong dental flanges, inner hinge plates united into triangular platform, with prominent cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1139, 3a-d. *G. subaequatus, Givetian, southern China, a-c, ventral, dorsal, and side views, X1 (new), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Xian, 1983a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Rhynchospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchospirifer PAULUS, 1957, p. 51","Type_species":"R. halleri PAULUS, 1957, p. 52, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Biarella Markovski, 1988, p. 82 (type, Orthis hians von Buch, 1837, p. 64, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Biarella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, rarely megathyrid, ventral interarea high, strongly incurved, commissure straight, capillate, dental plates thin, subparallel, closely spaced, cruralium triangular to subquadrate in outline, not anteriorly emarginate, supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1141, 5a-f. * R. halleri, Eifelian, Germany, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X2, f, dorsal interior, X3.3 (Paulus, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Paulus, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1141. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-098.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ambothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Ambothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ambothyris GEORGE, 1931, p. 42","Type_species":"Spirifera infima WHIDBORNE, 1893, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea high, moderately incurved, commissure straight or slightly sulcate, surface capillate, dental plates lacking, crural plates short, discrete, anteriorly convergent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1141, 2a-c. * A. infima (Whidborne), Givetian, Belgium, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X4 (Vandercammen, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1141. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-098.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diazoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Diazoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diazoma D\u00dcRKOOP, 1970, p. 195","Type_species":"Emanuella volhynica KELUS, 1939, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kelusia Mamedov, 1978, p. 200, obj.","Synonyms":"Kelusia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, strongly incurved, commissure slightly uniplicate, secondary shell thick, concentric growth lamellae with fine, radially arranged spines, dental plates lacking, cruralium supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1142, 5a-f. *D. volhynica (Kelus), Middle Devonian, Afghanistan, a-e, neotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, X1, f, posterior view of internal mold, X1.5 (D\u00fcrkoop, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"D\u00fcrkoop, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1142. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-099.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kosirium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Kosirium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kosirium Ficner & HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 362","Type_species":"K. turbulentum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dental plates very thick, moderately divergent, cruralium short, deeply emarginate anteriorly, otherwise similar to Rhynchospirifer","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1143, 4a-e. *K. turbulentum, upper Eifelian or lower Givetian, Czech Republic, a-b, ventral and lateral views of ventral valve, X1, c, ventral interarea, X1.3, d-e, dorsal and anterior views of dorsal interior, X1.6 (Ficner & Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ficner & Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1143. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-100.jpg?height=1882&width=1275&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Verneuilia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Verneuiliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Verneuilia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Verneuilia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 58","Type_species":"Spirifer cheiropteryx d\u2019Archiac & de Verneuil, 1842, p. 370, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 762","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, very transverse with pointed cardinal extremities, flanks markedly concave, dental plates lacking, dorsal interior with small, knoblike cardinal process and short crural plates that merge with prominent, medially convergent hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"USA (Alaska), Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1146, 2a-d. * V. cheiropteryx (d\u2019Archiac & de Verneuil), Middle Devonian, Germany, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, X2 (Gourvennec, 1994a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1146. verneuiliidae (p. 1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-104.jpg?height=661&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eomartiniopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Eomartiniopsinae","Genus":"Eomartiniopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eomartiniopsis SOKOLSKAYA, 1941, p. 78","Type_species":"E. elongata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subequally biconvex, subovate to subpentagonal in outline, fold and sulcus rounded, moderately to well developed, ornament absent or of few, very weak sinuous plications on flanks, microornament of surficial pits in some species, absent in others, inner shell layers pitted, ventral interior with well-developed dental adminicula, crural plates or dorsal adminicula probably lacking.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (?Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (?Famennian), Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1153, 1 a-d .*E. elongata, Russia, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1153. martiniidae (p. 1754-1756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-113.jpg?height=1894&width=1296&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Martiniopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Martiniopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Martiniopsis WAAGEN, 1883a, p. 524","Type_species":"* M. inflata, SD Etheridge in Jack & ETHERIDGE, 1892, p. 238","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline subovate, ventral interarea very small, narrow, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed or absent, macroornament absent, microornament of fine, elongate pits or grooves and fine, regular growth lines, ventral interior with long, slender, closely set, subparallel dental adminicula, dorsal interior with short to long adminicula","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1157, 1a-d. * M. inflata, Lopingian, Pakistan, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Waagen, 1883a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1883","figure_index":"fig. 1157. ingelarellidae (p. 1758-1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-118.jpg?height=1963&width=1297&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Angiospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Angiospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Angiospirifer LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1985, p. 567","Type_species":"Spirifer trigonalis MARTIN, 1809, pl. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subtrigonal to subquadrate, cardinal extremities well rounded in juveniles, becoming angular to alate in adults, ventral umbonal region broad, moderately inflated, fold and sulcus moderately developed, fold well delineated anteriorly, lateral slopes with few simple or rarely bifurcating rounded costae separated by moderately broad, rounded interspaces, sulcus with anteriorly prominent, simple median costa and 1 to 3 pairs of simple or rarely bifurcating lateral costae, ribs bifurcating immediately adjacent to fold-sulcus, microornament of very weak capillae and slightly lamellose growth lines forming faint, radially arranged, weakly granulose texture, ventral interior with short, close set, intrasulcal dental adminicula and thick, elongate internally and externally convex delthyrial callus, vascular markings crudely reticulate","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean-lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1176, 2a-e. *A. trigonalis (Martin), upper Visean, Great Britain, a-c, neotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Dunlop, 1962), d, vascular markings on ventral valve, X2.3 (Legrand-Blain, 1985), e, transverse section, X15 (Dunlop, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dunlop, 1962, \nLegrand-Blain, 1985, \nDunlop, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1176. choristitidae (p. 1782-1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-142.jpg?height=1877&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachythyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Brachythyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachythyrina FREDERIKS, 1929, p. 385","Type_species":"Spirifer strangwaysi de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 164, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Anelasmina Semi\u043ahatova, 1939, p. 324, obj.","Synonyms":"Anelasmina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline usually transverse, cardinal extremities well rounded in juveniles, becoming angular to alate or mucronate in adults, fold and sulcus moderately narrow, well delineated, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, flattened, simple costae, bifurcations rare, interspaces moderately narrow, subangular, sulcus usually with about 5 simple costae, median rib very rarely bifurcating, ribs adjacent to fold-sulcus bifurcating in umbonal region of both valves, microornament finely and regularly cancellate, dental adminicula absent, vascular impressions ramiform","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)-Permian","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1177, 3ac. * B. strangwaysi (de Verneuil), Pennsylvanian, Moscow basin, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, X1 (Sarycheva & Sokolskaya, 1952).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarycheva & Sokolskaya, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 1177. choristitidae (p. 1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-143.jpg?height=1139&width=1273&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Blasispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Blasispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Blasispirifer KULIKOV, 1950, p. 6","Type_species":"Spirifer blasii de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 168, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subovate to subrhomboidal, cardinal extremities rounded, hinge line shorter than maximum width, ventral interarea short, concave, ventral interior lacking dental adminicula, presence of delthyrial plate unknown, macroornament consisting of costae, some of which may form fasciculate plicae, microornament unknown.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian-Roadian)","Geography":"European Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1186, 3a-c. *B. blasii (De Verneuil), Kazanian, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (Likharev, 1939b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Likharev, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 1186. trigonotretidae (p. 1791-1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-153.jpg?height=1616&width=1280&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pterospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Pterospiriferinae","Genus":"Pterospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pterospirifer DUNBAR, 1955, p. 128","Type_species":"Spirifer alatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly transverse with alate to mucronate cardinal extremities, ventral interarea moderately high, apsacline, delthyrium closed by strongly convex stegidium in large adults, fold and sulcus smooth, or sulcus with weak median rib, lateral slopes with moderately numerous simple or rarely bifurcating costae, growth lamellae fine and regularly spaced, ventral interior with short, divergent dental adminicula and apical callus simulating delthyrial plate.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Lopingian)","Geography":"Europe, Greenland, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1204, 2a-b. * P. alatus (von Schlotheim), Germany, ventral valve, dorsal view, X1 (Dunbar, 1955), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1204, 2c-d. P. terechovi ZavodovskiI, Cisuralian, Siberia, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Zavodovskii, 1968a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Dunbar, 1955, \nZavodovskii, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1204. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).\nfig. 1204. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-175.jpg?height=1849&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-175.jpg?height=1849&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Quadrifarius)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Delthyridinae","Genus":"D. (Quadrifarius)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Quadrifarius) FUCHS, 1923, p. 854","Type_species":"Spirifer (Quadrifarius) loculatus Fuchs, 1923, p. 854, SD Paeckelmann, 1931, p. 31, =Spirifer dumontianus de KONINCK, 1876, p. 39","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, ventral interarea flat to curved, fold with strong median groove, sulcus narrow, flattened medially.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Pridoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1210, 2 a-c. *D*. (Q.) dumontianus (De Koninck), Lochkovian, Belgium, anterior, posterior, and dorsal views, \u00d7 1 (Asselberghs, 1930).","Museum_or_author_information":"Asselberghs, 1930","figure_index":"fig. 1210. delthyrididae (p. 1825-1826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-184.jpg?height=898&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ivanothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Delthyridinae","Genus":"Ivanothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ivanothyris HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1957b, p. 438","Type_species":"Spirifer gibbosus BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 2, 7-8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly biconvex, transversely oval, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline to orthocline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with few strong, simple plications, growth lamellae closely spaced, dental plates and ventral median septum buried in umbonal callus, crural plates obsolete","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Kazakhstan, western Siberian plain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1210, 3 a-d .*I. gibbosa (Barrande), Lochkovian, Bohemia, ventral, dorsal, side, and anterior views, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959)","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1210. delthyrididae (p. 1825-1826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-184.jpg?height=898&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quiringites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Quiringites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quiringites STRUVE, 1992, p. 564","Type_species":"Spirifera elegans STEININGER, 1853, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, transverse, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth, flanks strongly pauciplicate, growth lamellae closely spaced, with swollen spine bases, ventral myophragm and extrasinal dental plates present, ctenophoridium present, crural plates short, joining notothyrial thickening.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"western Europe, Canadian Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1212, 4a-d. *Q. elegans (Steininger), a-b, dorsal and posterior views (Quiring, 1915), c-d, posterior and ventral views of steinkern, X1 (Scupin, 1900).","Museum_or_author_information":"Quiring, 1915, \nScupin, 1900","figure_index":"fig. 1212. delthyrididae (p. 1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-187.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hysterolites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Hysterolites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hysterolites von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 247","Type_species":"H. hystericus von Schlotheim, 1820, p. 249, SD DALL, 1877a, p. 38","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, with acute to rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with simple, rounded plications and U shaped interspaces, growth lines numerous, strong, dental plates strong, tending to recurve medially, with little umbonal callus, ctenophoridium may be elevated, no crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, western USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213, 2a-c. * H. hystericus hystericus, Pragian, Germany, a, mold of ventral interior, X1.5, b, mold of dorsal interior, X1, c, ventral exterior, X1.5 (Solle, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Solle, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arduspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Arduspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arduspirifer MITTMEYER, 1972, p. 101","Type_species":"Spirifer Arduennensis SCHNUR, 1853 in 1853-1854, p. 199, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, with acute, commonly alate, cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth, flanks with simple, rounded plications, dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1214, 2. *A. arduennensis (Schnur), upper Emsian, Germany, internal mold of ventral valve, X1 (Mittmeyer, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mittmeyer, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1214. hysterolitidae (p. 1830).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-190.jpg?height=1894&width=1285&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachyspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Brachyspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachyspirifer Wedekind, 1926, p. 198","Type_species":"Spirifer carinatus SCHNUR, 1853 in 1853-1854, p. 202, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transverse to equidimensional with rounded to acute cardinal extremities, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with numerous simple, rounded plications, crural plates present or absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, western North America (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213, 4a-d. *B. (B.) carinatus (SchnUr), Germany, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Vandercammen, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Brachyspirifer)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"B. (Brachyspirifer)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Brachyspirifer) Wedekind, 1926, p. 198","Type_species":"Spirifer carinatus SCHNUR, 1853 in 1853-1854, p. 202, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse to equidimensional with rounded cardinal angles; dental plates strong, tending to recurve medially, with little umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, western North America (Nevada).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213, 4a-d. *B. (B.) carinatus (SchnUr), Germany, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Vandercammen, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dixonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Dixonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dixonella GOURVENNEC, 1989, p. 132","Type_species":"Acrospirifer? rouaulti GOURVENNEC, 1988, p. 153, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, transverse, with acute to rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, angular, flanks with simple, subangular plications, dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus, with large, deeply impressed, ventral diductor muscle field.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1214, 5a-c. * D. rouaulti (Gourvennec), France, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1.5 (Gourvennec, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1214. hysterolitidae (p. 1830).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-190.jpg?height=1894&width=1285&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Euryspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Euryspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Euryspirifer Wedekind, 1926, p. 202","Type_species":"Terebratulites paradoxus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhenospirifer Mittmeyer, 1972, p. 99 (type, Spirifer Dunensis Kayser, 1889, p. 33, OD)","Synonyms":"Rhenospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, strongly transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, or with median rib in sulcus, flanks with numerous simple plications, microornament of fine capillae and fila, becoming fimbriate, ventral diductor muscle field variably impressed in callus, crural plates lacking","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, eastern USA (Maine), northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1215, 3a-d. * E. paradoxus (von Schlotheim), Emsian, Belgium, a- b, casts of dorsal interior, ventral exterior, X1, c, microornament, X6.5, d, cast of ventral interior, X1 (Vandercammen, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1215. hysterolitidae (p. 1834-1835).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-191.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Struveina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Fimbrispiriferina","Genus":"Struveina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Struveina BOUCOT, 1975, p. 364","Type_species":"Spirifer daleidensis STEININGER, 1853, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold, sulcus, and flanks with numerous bifurcating plications that may be bundled, or sulcus may be smooth at venter, concentric lamellae closely spaced, dental plates without umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1218, 2a-d. *S. daleidensis (Steininger), Belgium, a, microornament, X5.5, b-d, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views of internal mold, X1 (Vandercammen, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1218. hysterolitidae (p. 1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-195.jpg?height=1557&width=1292&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vandercammenina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Fimbrispiriferina","Genus":"Vandercammenina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vandercammenina B\u041e\u0418\u0421\u041e\u0422, 1975, p. 363","Type_species":"Spirifer trigeri de VERNEUIL, 1850b, p. 781, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transversely quadrate, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold, sulcus, and flanks with numerous simple plications, concentric lamellae closely spaced, dental plates long, with little umbonal callus","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Turkey, eastern Canada (Nova Scotia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1219a-e. *V. trigeri (De Verneuil), a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, N\u00e9hou Formation, France, \u00d71 (Gourvennec, 1989), e, mold of ventral interior, middle Siegenian, Belgium, \u00d71 (Vandercammen, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1989, \nVandercammen, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1219. hysterolitidae (p. 1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-196.jpg?height=664&width=1266&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Acrospiriferinae","Genus":"Acrospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrospirifer Helmbrecht & WEDEKIND, 1923, p. 952","Type_species":"Spirifera primaeva Steininger, 1853, p. 72, SD WEDEKIND, 1926, p. 202","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with few strong, simple plications, dental plates divergent, ventral diductor muscle field impressed in thick callus, broad ctenophoridium may be slightly elevated.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1220, 1a-d. * A. primaevus (STEININGER), Pragian, Germany; a\u2013b, ventral and dorsal exteriors; c\u2013d, molds of ventral and dorsal interiors, \u00d71 (Maillieux, 1931).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1220. acrospiriferidae (p. 1836-1838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-197.jpg?height=1800&width=1278&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mauispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Acrospiriferinae","Genus":"Mauispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mauispirifer ALLAN, 1947, p. 445","Type_species":"M. hectori, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, with slightly acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, flanks with strong, rounded, simple plications, capillae interrupted anteriorly by concentric lamellae, dental plates short, thin, free of umbonal callus, ctenophoridium elevated. Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian-Emsian): Europe, Australia, New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1221 a-b .*M. hectori, New Zealand, a, dorsal valve, X1, b, ventral valve, X3 (Allan, 1947)","Museum_or_author_information":"Allan, 1947","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":77,"beginning_date":413.92,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Multispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Elymospiriferina","Genus":"Multispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Multispirifer KAPLUN, 1961, p. 88","Type_species":"Spirifer solitarius KRANTZ, 1857, p. 152, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, with slightly acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus plicate, flanks with subangular plications that may bifurcate, strong dental plates, free of umbonal callus, ctenophoridium elevated.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1223, 1ab. * M. solitarius (Krantz), Germany, ventral valve internal mold and dorsal valve exterior, magnification unknown, probably X1 (Krantz, 1857).","Museum_or_author_information":"Krantz, 1857","figure_index":"fig. 1223. acrospiriferidae (p. 1838-1840).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-200.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtinopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtinopsinae","Genus":"Cyrtinopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtinopsis SCUPIN, 1896, p. 247","Type_species":"Spirifer undosus SCHNUR, 1853, p. 204, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, cardinal angles acute, ventral interarea moderately high, flat to curved, catacline or apsacline, with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with strong plications, capillae take form of crenulations crossed by fila, dental plates and median septum forming spondylium, bilobed cardinal process, becoming striate ctenophoridium in some.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Salair, Russia (GornoAltay), western USA (Nevada), Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1225, 1a-f. *C. undosa (Schnur), Eifelian, Germany, a-d, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, e, microornament, X3, f, transverse section of ventral valve, X5 (Boucot, 1957a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1225. cyrtinopsidae (p. 1840-1841).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-202.jpg?height=1872&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apousiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Mucrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Mucrospiriferinae","Genus":"Apousiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apousiella CARTER, 1972, p. 732","Type_species":"Spirifer bouchardi MURCHISON, 1840, p. 253, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bouchardopsis Maillieux, 1933, p. 80, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Bouchardopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, transverse, mucronate, ventral interarea low, curved, orthocline, fold and sulcus well defined, with median groove in fold, ventral flanks concave to flattened in profile, flanks with numerous, simple plications, crossed by numerous imbricate growth lamellae and fila, dental plates absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1227, 2a-c. *A. bouchardi (Murchison), middle Frasnian, Belgium, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (Vandercammen, 1963), Fig. 1227, 2d-h. A. belliloci (Rigaux), middle Frasnian, France, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1.5 (Carter, 1972)","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1963, \nCarter, 1972","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eleutherokomma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Mucrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Mucrospiriferinae","Genus":"Eleutherokomma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eleutherokomma CRICKMAY, 1950, p. 219","Type_species":"Eleutherokomma hamiltoni CRICKMAY, 1950, p. 220, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dmitrispirifer Liashenko, 1973, p. 126 (type, D. nalivkini Liashenko, 1973, p. 127, OD), Sculptospirifer Su, 1980, p. 318 (type, Eleutherokomma acutiplicatus Su, 1976, p. 214, OD)","Synonyms":"Dmitrispirifer, Sculptospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, transverse, mucronate, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline to orthocline, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth, flanks with simple plications, crossed by numerous growth lamellae, with fila crossed by capillae, wedge-shaped umbonal thickening present, dental plates long, divergent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western North America, eastern Europe, northern Africa, Afghanistan, northeastern China.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1227, 1a\u2013c. *E. hamiltoni, Givetian, Alberta; a, holotype, ventral valve, \u00d71.8; b, dorsal valve, \u00d72; c, microornament, \u00d75 (Crickmay, 1950).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reticularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariinae","Genus":"Reticularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reticularia M'COY, 1844, p. 142","Type_species":"Terebratula? imbricata Sowerby, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 40, SD DAVIDSON, 1882, p. 80","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, un- equally biconvex, fold and sulcus weakly to strongly developed, cardinal extremities well rounded, ornament of narrow, imbricate, growth lamellae fringed with fine, uniramous spines, exfoliated surfaces radially striated, ventral interior with dental adminicula and median ridge, dorsal interior with crural bases not touching valve floor, spiralia directed posterolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean-Namurian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1229, 2a-d. *R. imbricata (Sowerby), Visean, England, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (George, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"George, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 1229. reticulariidae (p. 1848-1850).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-207.jpg?height=1602&width=1283&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nebenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Pharicodothyridinae","Genus":"Nebenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nebenothyris MINATO, 1953, p. 72","Type_species":"N. lineatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With median ridges or septa in both valves, otherwise similar to Phricodothyris","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)-Permian","Geography":"Western Europe, Japan, China, Russia, Salt Range","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1243, 2 . * N. lineata, Mississippian, Japan, ventral valve, X1 (Nebe, 1911).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nebe, 1911","figure_index":"fig. 1243. elythidae (p. 1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-226.jpg?height=746&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Squamulariina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Cyrtinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Squamulariina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Squamulariina FREDERIKS, 1916, p. 19","Type_species":"Cyrtina parva PHILLIPS, 1841, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pyramidalia NALIVKIN , 1947, p. 124 (type, Spirifera simplex PHILLIPS, 1841, p. 71, OD)","Synonyms":"Pyramidalia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Entire surface smooth; width less than height of ventral interarea.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Europe, south Fergana, Salair, China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1252,3a\u2013b. *S. parva (G\u00dcRICH), Poland; lateral and posterior views, \u00d72.5 (G\u00fcrich, 1896).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tecnocyrtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Cyrtinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tecnocyrtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tecnocyrtina Johnson & NORRIS, 1972, p. 566","Type_species":"Cyrtina billingsi \u041c\u0415\u0415\u041a, 1868, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Entire surface plicate, commonly multiplicate","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1252, 4 a-e .* T. billingsi (\u041c\u0435\u0435\u043a), upper Givetian, Alberta, Canada, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and side views, X2.5 (Johnson & Norris, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nJohnson & Norris, 1972","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Suessia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Suessiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Suessia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Suessia EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1855, p. 6","Type_species":"S. costata, SD DAVIDSON, 1854, p. 28","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve high, strongly convex, dorsal valve much less convex, ventral interarea high, concave, fold and sulcus present, microornament unknown, ventral interior with high median septum horizontally expanded at posterodorsal margin, dorsal interior with complete jugum, bearing anterior process","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1253, 3ac. *S. costata, posterior, ventral valve posterior, and dorsal interior views, magnification unknown (Hall & Clarke, 1894).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall & Clarke, 1894","figure_index":"fig. 1253. davidsoninidae and suessiidae (p. 1883-1890).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-242.jpg?height=1558&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septosyringothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Septosyringothyridinae","Genus":"Septosyringothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septosyringothyris VANDERCAMMEN, 1955, p. 2","Type_species":"S. demaneti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Syrinx suspended between delthyrial plate and floor of valve by bifid median septum, otherwise similar to Syringothyris","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"Europe, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1263, 1a\u2013d. *S. demaneti, Tournaisian, Belgium; a\u2013b, holotype, ventral and posterior views, \u00d71; c\u2013d, transverse sections of ventral valves, \u00d74.5 (Vandercammen, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1263. syringothyrididae (p. 1898-1899).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-257.jpg?height=1600&width=1279&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dinarispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Balatonospirinae","Genus":"Dinarispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dinarispira Dagys, 1974, p. 131","Type_species":"Spiriferina pia var. dinarica BITTNER, 1890, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subquadrate, inequivalved, ventral valve moderately to strongly convex, dorsal valve weakly convex or flattened, cardinal extremities subangular, ventral umbonal region slightly compressed, overhanging hinge line, beak incurved, ventral interarea low, apsacline, concave, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, moderately narrow, entire surface plicate, microornament of thick, short spinules, dental adminicula lacking, strong high, ventral median septum connected to lateral walls of umbonal region by thin plate or callus, true spondylium absent, ctenophoridium high, supported by callus, crural bases medially converging, jugum unknown. Middle Triassic: European Tethys.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"European Tethys","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1281, 2a-i. *D. dinarica (Bittner), Anisian, Alps and Caucasus, a, holotype, dorsal valve, \u00d71 (Bittner, 1890); b\u2013e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, \u00d71; f\u2013i, transverse sections, approximately \u00d71.5 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1281. balatonospiridae (p. 1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-281.jpg?height=1875&width=1286&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Pennospiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Pennospiriferininae","Genus":"Callospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callospiriferina ROUSSELLE, 1977, p. 157","Type_species":"Spirifer tumidus Buch, 1837, p. 52, OD, nom. nov. pro Spirifer pinguis von Zieten, 1830 in 1830-1833, pl. 38, 5, non SOWERBY, 1820","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately transverse, strongly biconvex, hinge line less than maximum width, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, apsacline to catacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with several simple, rounded ribs, microornament unknown, possibly absent, dental adminicula long, close set, subparallel, ventral median septum high, fused with callus to form muscle platform, ctenophoridium large, supported by callus but no septum, jugum unknown, shell substance densely punctate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Western Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1282, 1a-e. *C. tumidus (\u0412Uch), Lias, Morocco, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X1, c-e, transverse sections, approximately X1.6 (Rousselle, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rousselle, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1282. pennospiriferinidae (p. 1924-1925).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-282.jpg?height=1065&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Spiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiriferina D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 268","Type_species":"Spirifer walcotti J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 in 1823-1825, p. 106, SD DALL, 1877a, p. 64","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, unequally biconvex, ventral valve usually much thicker than dorsal, outline variable from transversely to longitudinally subelliptical, cardinal extremities rounded, ventral umbonal region usually inflated, beak incurved, ventral interarea narrow, concave, apsacline, usually low to moderately high, beak ridges rounded, delthyrium restricted by rarely preserved stegidial plates, fold and sulcus smooth, subangular, moderately wide, moderately developed, moderately well delimited, lateral slopes with few, subangular plicae, dental adminicula short, ventral median septum long, ctenophoridium stout, supported by median septum forming septalium with crural bases in type species, jugum unknown, microornament of dense, fine spinules, punctae moderately fine, not densely spaced","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, Saudi Arabia, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1286, 3a-b. *S. walcotti (Sowerby), Liassic, British Islands, dorsal and anterior views, X1 (Pitrat, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pitrat, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1286. spiriferinidae (p. 1930-1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-289.jpg?height=1864&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Liospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liospiriferina ROUSSELLE, 1977, p. 164","Type_species":"Terebratulites rostratus SCHLOTHEIM, 1822, p. 260, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, flanks and sulcus not ribbed, smooth, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, often only discernable at anterior commissure, ctenophoridium stout, supported by median septum forming short septalium with crural bases in some specimens of type species, jugum complete, high, and rounded, microornament of anteriorly directed, fine, hollow spinules arranged in quincunx, punctae large and densely spaced","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1286, 1a-g. *L. rostrata (Schlotheim), Germany, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (Logan, 1964), f-g, transverse sections, approximately X1.8 (Rousselle, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Logan, 1964, \nRousselle, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1286. spiriferinidae (p. 1930-1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-289.jpg?height=1864&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecospiroidea","Family":"Thecospiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thecospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecospira ZUGMAYER , 1880, p. 152","Type_species":"Thecidea haidingeri Suess, 1854, p. 43; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thecospiropsis DAGYS , 1974, p. 75 (type, Thecospira semseyi BITTNER, 1912, p. 41)    [Thecospiropsis is morphologically inseparable from Thecospira, its separation being based solely on the absence of endopunctae in Thecospiropsis (\u201conly pseudopunctate forms\u201d of DAGYS, 1974, p. 75). In view of the known variation in the distribution of endopunctae in other thecideidine genera and the uncertainty regarding their occurrence in Thecospira species (BENIGNI & FERLIGA, 1989), it is considered that separation is unjusti\ufb01ed. Thecospiropsis is therefore considered to be a synonym of Thecospira.]","Synonyms":"Thecospiropsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely elliptical, pseudodeltidium usually precisely \ufb02ush with interarea, ornament in form of small, tear-shaped pustules with faint traces of radial costellae commonly present on well-preserved specimens; subperipheral rim strongly thickened, spicules possibly associated with spiralia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1293, 1h\u2013i. T. semseyi BITTNER, Carnian, Vesprem, Hungary; h, dorsal view of ventral valve showing detached spiral brachidium, \u00d74; i, possible spicules associated with brachidium, \u00d78 (Dagys, 1974). -- Fig . 1293 ,1j\u2013p. T. tyrolensis (LORETZ ), Carnian, Cortina D\u2019Ampezzo, Italy; serial transverse sections through posterior part of shell, 0.5, 1.05, 2.1, 3.4, 4.6, 6.6, 7.2 mm from umbo, \u00d77 (adapted from Benigni & Ferliga, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bifolium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Bifolium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bifolium ELLIOTT, 1948a, p. 2","Type_species":"Thecidium faringdonense DAVIDSON, 1874, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pyriform with small cicatrix, ventral interarea indistinct and curved laterally, pseudodeltidium weakly convex and flush with interarea, hinge line very short, hemispondylium sessile, formed from low median ridge flanked by parallel pair of higher lateral ridges, dorsal valve moderately convex without interarea, relatively strongly thickened, lateral adductor muscle scars constricted by root of prostrate, relatively massive cardinal process, bridge with posteriorly directed spur, females with marsupial notch, brachial ridges almost circular, brachial lobe skeletal elements forming loosely reticulate canopies, fibrous secondary shell strongly suppressed in both valves, acicular crystallite tracts present in dorsal valve,  [Endopunctae, with scattered distribution, occur in juvenile dorsal valves only, adult shells are apparently impunctate.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-upper Aptian)","Geography":"southwestern Asia, Hauterivian, Europe, upper Aptian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1297, 2 a-t. *B. faringdonense (DAVIDSON), upper Aptian, Faringdon, southern England, a, dorsal view, b, oblique anterior view, c, oblique lateral view, d, posterior view, e, dorsal valve interior, X13 (Baker, 1991), f, dorsal valve posterior view, g, hypotype, dorsal valve interior showing typical state of brachial lobe preservation, BMNH BD9134, h, ventral valve interior, X13, i, hypotype, ventral valve interior showing profile view of hemispondylium, BMNH BD9135, X25, j-t, serial horizontal sections showing morphology of brachial lobes, 0.375 , 0.425, 0.475, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.625, 0.675, 0.7, 0.725, 0.75 ~mm from free ventral wall, X9 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1297. thecidellinidae (p. 1949-1953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-309.jpg?height=1903&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moorellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Moorellininae","Genus":"Moorellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moorellina ELLIOTT, 1953a, p. 693","Type_species":"Thecideum duplicatum MOORE, 1854, p. 118, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Elliottina Pajaud, 1963, p. 996 (type, Thecidea deslongchampsii Davidson, 1852b, p. 258)\"","Synonyms":"Elliottina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Typically rounded triangular, cicatrix commonly triangular, geniculation producing low to high, free, ventral wall, ventral interarea flat, with pseudodeltidium flush with surface, dorsal valve typically with small, hypercline interarea, median septum relatively short with lateral ridges arranged in Y-shaped configuration, brachial lobes varying from incomplete arcuate lines to tuberculate ridges surrounding shallow, intrabrachial depressions, fibrous secondary shell continuous in both valves. Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic: western Europe, Middle Jurassic.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic","Geography":"western Europe, Middle Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1299, 3a-e. *M. duplicata (Moore), Cotswolds, southern England, a, dorsal valve interior, upper Aalenian, b, dorsal valve, oblique lateral view, upper Aalenian, c, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, upper Aalenian, BMNH BD9129, \u00d710, d, hypotype, juvenile dorsal valve interior, upper Aalenian, BMNH BD9130, X25 (new), e, ventral valve interior, Bajocian, X10 (Moore, 1854).","Museum_or_author_information":"Moore, 1854","figure_index":"fig. 1299. thecidellinidae (p. 1953-1954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-312.jpg?height=1164&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lacazella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Lacazella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lacazella MUNIER-CHALMAS, 1880, p. 279","Type_species":"Thecidea mediterranea RISSO, 1826, p. 394, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively small, irregular with convex pseudodeltidium, interior of ventral valve papillose to spinose except over muscle scars, hemispondylium projecting anteriorly as two spurs, dorsal valve with hypercline interarea, bridge with marsupial notch, median septum divided to form trifurcating structure consisting of pair of lateral ramuli and posterior median ridge uniting with jugal pillar, brachial lobes interdigitating with ramuli, shell granular except for superficial traces of fibrous secondary shell on dorsal surface of teeth, mantle thin, coarsely spicular.","Beginning_age":"Eocene","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Eocene-Holocene","Geography":"Europe, ?Australia, Eocene, Mediterranean, West Indies, Mauritius, Pacific, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1304, 4 a-g .*L. mediterranea (Risso), Holocene, La Calle, Mediterranean, Algeria, a, dorsal view, b, hypotype, lateral view, BMNH BD9399, c, dorsal valve interior, d, dorsal valve, oblique anterior view, e, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9400, f, ventral valve interior, X8, g, hypotype, ventral valve, oblique anterior view showing hemispondylium, BMNH BD9401, X15 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stringocephalus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Stringocephalinae","Genus":"Stringocephalus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stringocephalus Defrance in de Blainville, 1827 in 1825-1827, p. 511, nom. nov. Sandberger, 1842, p. 386, pro Strygocephale Defrance in de Blainville, 1825 in 1825-1827, p. 511, ICZN Opinion 807, 1967, p. 81;  see STEHLI, 1965, p. 748 for discussion about name history","Type_species":"Terebratula Burtini Defrance in de BLAINVILLE, 1825 in 1825-1827, p. 511, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Strygocephalus Defrance in DE Blainville, 1827 in 1825-1827, pl. 53, 1, obj., Strigocephalus J. de C. Sowerby, 1840b, pl. 56, 10, obj.","Synonyms":"Strygocephalus, Strigocephalus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, subglobular, ventribiconvex, ventral valve beak large, pointed, slightly asymmetrical, dental plates obsolescent, henidium in gerontic adults, median septae in both valves, cardinal process stout, stalklike, distally bifid, long, marginal loop with or without posteriorly directed spines","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Asia, northwestern Africa, Europe, extra-Appalachian North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1323a-g. *S. burtini (Defrance), Germany, a-b, dorsal and posterior views, X1, c, posterior interior of ventral valve, X1, d, ventral view, X0.5 (Cloud, 1942), e, anterior view, X0.5, f, anterior oblique view of latex impression of ventral median septum, dorsal cardinal process, and crura, X1 (Boucot, Johnson, & Struve, 1966), g, drawing of partly restored loop, X0.5 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, Johnson, & Struve, 1966, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1323. stringocephalidae (p. 2000).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-359.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stringodiscus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Stringocephalinae","Genus":"Stringodiscus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stringodiscus STRUVE, 1982, p. 221","Type_species":"Strigocephalus giganteus J. de C. SOWERBY, 1840b, pl. 56, 10-11, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, moderately ventribiconvex (so-called disclike), interior undescribed, otherwise similar to Stringocephalus","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1324, 2a-b. *S. giganteus (J. de C. Sowerby), Germany, dorsal and lateral views, \u00d7 0.5 (Torley, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"Torley, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 1324. stringocephalidae (p. 2000).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-360.jpg?height=953&width=1000&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=337)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geranocephalus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Geranocephalinae","Genus":"Geranocephalus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geranocephalus CRICKMAY, 1954, p. 157","Type_species":"G. inopinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acrothyris Hou, 1963, p. 419 (type, A. kwangsiensis Hou, 1963, p. 432, OD), Catacephalus Yang in Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983, p. 381 (type, C. tianshanensis, OD), Conomimus Johnson, Boucot, & Gronberg, 1968, p. 406 (type, C. truncatus, OD)","Synonyms":"Acrothyris, Catacephalus, Conomimus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, ventribiconvex, dental plates short, median septae absent in both valves, crural plates absent, cardinal plate formed from conjunct hinge plates, large, terminally bifid cardinal process, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1328, 1a-f. * G.inopinus, Nevada, USA; a, dorsal view, \u00d73; b\u2013c, ventral and lateral views, \u00d72; d, interior of ventral valve, \u00d74; e, anterodorsal view of dorsal valve; f, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d73 (Johnson, Boucot, & Gronberg, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, Yu, & Wu, 1974, \nJohnson, 1975, \nStruve, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1328. stringocephalidae (p. 2002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-364.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stringomimus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Geranocephalinae","Genus":"Stringomimus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stringomimus Struve, 1965, p. 461, nom. transl. Jin & Lee, herein, ex Geranocephalus (Stringomimus) STRUVE, 1965, p. 463","Type_species":"Geranocephalus (Stringomimus) pseudopaedicus STRUVE, 1965, p. 463, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Geranocephalus except that ventral valve beak is less attenuated, and cardinal process more slender, remainder of interior unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1328, 3a-d. *S. pseudopaedicus, Germany, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, X1 (Struve, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1328. stringocephalidae (p. 2002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-364.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Newberria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Newberria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Newberria Hall in WHITEAVES, 1891, p. 236","Type_species":"Rensselaeria? johanni Hall, 1867b, p. 385, SD SCHUCHERT, 1897, p. 271","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rensselandia Hall, 1867b, p. 385, obj., nom. cond., Macroplectane Cossmann, 1909, p. 215 (type, Denckmannia circularis Holzapfel, 1912, p. 119, SD Schuchert & LeVene, 1929a, p. 51), nom. nov. pro Denckmannia Holzapfel, 1912, p. 115, non Buckman, 1898, Denckmannella Schuchert & LeVene, 1929b, p. 120 (type, Denckmannia circularis Holzapfel, 1912, p. 119, SD Schuchert & LeVene, 1929a, p. 51), nom. nov. pro Denckmannia Holzapfel, 1912, p. 115, non Buckman, 1898","Synonyms":"Rensselandia, Macroplectane, Denckmannia, Denckmannella, Denckmannia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, rectimarginate, dental plates obsolete or obsolescent, well impressed muscle field, no cardinal process, discrete hinge plates, crural plates absent except in some small specimens, loop long, marginal, may have median plate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 1a-e. *N. johanni (Hall), Iowa, USA, a-d, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, e, ventral view of loop, \u00d7 1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chascothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Chascothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chascothyris HOLZAPFEL, 1895, p. 234","Type_species":"C. barroisi, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 40","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold, uniplicate, subcircular, interior as in Newberria","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 3a-b. *C. barroisi, Germany, dorsal and lateral views, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subrensselandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Subrensselandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subrensselandia CLOUD, 1942, p. 92","Type_species":"Newberria claypolii HALL, 1891, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, subcircular to elongate, rectimarginate, short dental plates, small teeth, broad, well-impressed muscle field, discrete hinge plates, crural plates, loop long, marginal","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-lower Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 2a-e. * S. claypolii (Hall), lower Givetian, Pennsylvania, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views of steinkern, X1, d, latex replica of c, X1, e, latex replica of ventral valve interior, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bornhardtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Bornhardtininae","Genus":"Bornhardtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bornhardtina Schulz, 1914, p. 363","Type_species":"B. uncitoides, SD CLOUD, 1942, p. 101","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parabornhardtina Hou & XIAN, 1964, p. 416 (type, P. yunnanensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Parabornhardtina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for subfamily, dental plates absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1330, 3a-d. * B. uncitoides, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, latex replica of dorsal interior, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1330. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-367.jpg?height=1329&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meganteris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Meganteridinae","Genus":"Meganteris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meganteris SUESS, 1855a, p. 51","Type_species":"Terebratula archiaci de Verneuil, 1850a, p. 175-176, SD SUESS, 1856, p. 43","Synonyms_with_authors":"Megalanteris Oehlert, 1887b, p. 1, 319, obj., Vltavothyris Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9, 1956, p. 642 (type, V. svobodai, OD)","Synonyms":"Megalanteris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular, obsolete or obsolescent dental plates except in small specimens, crural plates in earlier growth stages, massive cardinal plate, bosslike cardinal process, hinge plates massive in large specimens, crural plates submerged in secondary material except in smaller specimens, loop teloform (cryptonelliform)","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Canada (Nova Scotia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1331, 1a. *M. archiaci (DE Verneuil), France, incomplete dorsal interior of holotype, X1 (Hall & Clarke, 1893)., \u2014_Fig. 1331, 1b-g. M. suessi Drevermann, Germany, b-d, latex replicas of dorsal and ventral interiors and lateral view of steinkern from which they were taken, X0.5, e-f, anterior and ventral views of fragment of dorsal interior, X1, g, reconstruction of loop, X0.5 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall & Clarke, 1893, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1331. meganterididae (p. 2009-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-368.jpg?height=1802&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mutationella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Mutationella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mutationella KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 236","Type_species":"Waldheimia podolica SIEMIRADZKI, 1906, p. 177, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular, ventribiconvex, costellate, short dental plates, weakly impressed muscle field, discrete hinge plates, short, anterior connecting band in large specimens, crural plates absent except for short examples in very rare, large specimens, loop acuminate to deltiform, but highly variable.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, eastern North America, South America, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1332, 1a-g. * M. podolica (SiemiRADSKI), Poland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d-g, drawings of 4 loops, X4 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1332, 1h-i. M. parlinensis Boucot & others, Maine, USA, impressions of posterior and dorsal views, X2 (Boucot, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).\nfig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paulinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Paulinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paulinella Boucot & RACHEBOEUF, 1987, p. 99","Type_species":"Terebratula guerangeri de VERNEUIL, 1850b, p. 780, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, costate to costellate, crenulate, gently ventribiconvex, short dental plates, discrete hinge plates or a foramenate cardinal plate, well-impressed muscle field","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Turkey","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1333, 4a-d. *P. guerangeri (de Verneuil), France, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and lateral views, X2, c, interior of dorsal valve, X2, d, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Boucot & Racheboeuf, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Racheboeuf, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1333. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-372.jpg?height=1881&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Podolella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Podolella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Podolella KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 232","Type_species":"P. rensselaeroides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to elongate, umbonal region smooth, peripheral costae, short dental plates, perforate cardinal plate, no crural plates, loop acuminate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, Canada (Nova Scotia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1332, 5a-c. * P. rensselaeroides, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a-b, dorsal and anterior views, X2, c, drawing of loop, X3 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Globithyridinae","Genus":"Globithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globithyris CLOUD, 1942, p. 82","Type_species":"Rensselaeria callida CLARKE, 1907, p. 241, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costate, ventribiconvex, free dental plates, discrete crural plates in juveniles, medially conjunct to form median septum when larger, medially fused hinge plates forming septalium supported by median septum in larger specimens, loop unknown. Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian): eastern North America, northern Europe.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"eastern North America, northern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 1a-c. *G. callida (Clarke), Emsian, Maine, USA, a, dorsal view of steinkern, b-c, ventral and anterior views of cardinal plate of young specimen, \u00d7 4 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1335, 1d-f. G. diania (Clarke), Emsian, Maine, USA, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2 (Boucot, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).\nfig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhenorensselaeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhenorensselaerinae","Genus":"Rhenorensselaeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhenorensselaeria KEGEL, 1913, p. 126","Type_species":"Terebratula strigiceps Roemer, 1844, p. 58, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 107","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dental plates obsolete to obsolescent, ventral valve muscle field deeply impressed and subdivided, cardinal plate formed from conjunct hinge plates, supported by median septum formed from fused crural plates, small, bifid cardinal process, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"eastern North America (Gasp\u00e9), northern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 7a-g. *R. strigiceps (Roemer), Pragian, Germany, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of steinkern, c-e, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views of steinkern, f-g, latex replicas of posterior of steinkern, X1 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1335, 7h. R. macgerriglei Boucot, Gasp\u00e9, Canada, dorsal view of internal impression, X1 (Boucot, Cumming, & Jaeger, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, Cumming, & Jaeger, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).\nfig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Girtyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Girtyellinae","Genus":"Girtyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Girtyella WELLER, 1911, p. 442","Type_species":"*Harttina indianensis GIRTY, 1909, p. 293, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, anterior commissure rectimarginate or modified by rounded plications, dental plates present","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1337, 4a-k. *G. indianensis (Girty), a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, Mississippi Valley, USA, X1 (Weller, 1914), d-k, serial transverse sections 0.25, 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, 2.50, 3.25, 4.25, 4.75 ~mm from initial section, Pella Beds, Iowa, X2 (Campbell, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914, \nCampbell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1337. cranaenidae (p. 2021-2022).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-379.jpg?height=814&width=1267&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ligatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ligatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ligatella MART\u00cdNEZ-CHAC\u00d3N, 1978b, p. 29","Type_species":"Notothyris (Ligatella) sarytchevae MART\u00cdNEZCHAC\u00d3N, 1978b, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate, bent slightly dorsally or ventrally, both valves with median sinus bounded by strong plicae, internal characters as for Notothyris.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338,1a\u2013c. *N. sarytchevae; dorsal, ventral, and anterior views of holotype, DOP13438, \u00d73 (Mart\u00ednez-Chac\u00f3n, 1978b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rostranteris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rostranteris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rostranteris GEMMELLARO, 1899, p. 104","Type_species":"Dielasma adrianense GEMMELLARO, 1894, p. 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, anterior commissure commonly plicosulcate, rarely unisulcate, loop acuminate with high median plate extending anteriorly and posteriorly beyond union of main bands","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 8a. *R. adrianense (Gemmellaro), Sicily, dorsal interior, X2 (Stehli, 1962).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1338, 8b-e. R. inflatum Gemmellaro, Sicily, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1.5 (Stehli, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1962, \nStehli, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).\nfig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gacina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Gacina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gacina STEHLI, 1961b, p. 458","Type_species":"G. moorefieldensis, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate or subpentagonal to elliptical, dorsal valve with distinct sulcus, hinge plate free, perforate, loop long, descending lamellae uniting near midlength with a vertical plate at front.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 3a-e. *G. moorefieldensis, Meramecian, Oklahoma, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Stehli, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Texarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Texarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Texarina Cooper & GRANT, 1970, p. 579","Type_species":"Texasia oblongata Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate, beak erect, foramen nonlabiate, symphytium completely exposed, anterior commissure sulciplicate, dental plates short, median ridge poorly developed in ventral valve, loop long with spinose anterior extremities, no median septum in dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Venezuela, ?Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 5a-c. *T. oblongata (Cooper & Grant), Texas, USA, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 153415, \u00d71 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b)., Fig. 1340, 5d. T. elongata, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).\nfig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptacanthia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptacanthiinae","Genus":"Cryptacanthia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptacanthia White & St. JOHN, 1867, p. 119","Type_species":"Waldheimia? compacta White & St. JOHN, 1867, p. 119, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex to concavoconvex, unisulcate, median septum usually absent or present apically, hinge plate concave to nearly flat, perforate, loop with hoodlike ascending lamellae and transverse band, descending lamellae becoming independent very late, anterior extremities of loop spinose.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian), Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1341, Ia-g. C. prolifica Cooper, upper Pennsylvanian, New Mexico, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 127066, X3, e-g, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of loop, X3 (Cooper, 1957a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1341. cryptonellidae (p. 2027).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-386.jpg?height=1014&width=1286&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Coenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coenothyris DOUVILL\u00c9, 1879, p. 270","Type_species":"* Terebratulites vulgaris SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 275, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Praerhaetina Urosevic, 1988, p. 351 (type, P. radulovici, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Praerhaetina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, elongate oval to subpentagonal in outline, biconvex, usually with prominent dorsal fold, anterior commissure uniplicate or rarely bisulcate, beak suberect or incurved, beak ridges angular, foramen permesothyrid, radiating color banding often present, pedicle collar present, dental plates short, may be fused with thickened shell wall, cardinal process broad, concave, outer hinge plates subhorizontal in section, median septum high, about 0.3 dorsal valve length, septalium present, adult loop deltiform with long crural processes, 0.3 dorsal valve length, transverse band fragile, rarely preserved.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic","Geography":"Europe, Afghanistan, Himalayas, China, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Israel","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1342, 4a-o. *C. vulgaris (Schlotheim), Muschelkalk, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of topotype from Schlotheim's original collection, Germany, X1 (new, courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys), d, dorsal valve with characteristic color banding, Lagoubran, France, X1, e-0, transverse serial sections 1.2, 3.9, 4.8, 5.4, 7.0, 7.4, 7.7, 8.8, 10.8, 11.6, 16.0 mm from ventral umbo, Lagoubran, France, X1 (Hagdorn & Sandy, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hagdorn & Sandy, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1342. dielasmatidae (p. 2029-2030).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-389.jpg?height=1876&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Whitspakia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Whitspakia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Whitspakia Stehli, 1964, p. 610, nom. nov. pro Pakistania S TEHLI , 1961b, p. 462, non E AMES , 1952","Type_species":"Dielasma biplex WAAGEN, 1882, p. 349, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, outline subpentagonal to oval, ventral sulcus variable in length, with strong median plica, anterior and lateral commissure nongeniculate, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak erect, foramen permesothyrid, dental plates and pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates broad, inner hinge plates uniting on valve floor and diverging anteriorly, crural processes very long, developed directly from crural bases and supported posteriorly by inner hinge plates, descending lamellae broad anteriorly, transverse band recurved.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1344, 3a-d. *W. biplex (WaAgen), Salt Range, Pakistan, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Waagen, 1882).-_ Fig. 1344, 3e. W. breviplicatum WaAgen, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Waagen, 1882).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1882, \nWaagen, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1344. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).\nfig. 1344. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-392.jpg?height=1851&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-392.jpg?height=1851&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dinarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Nucleatulinae","Genus":"Dinarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dinarella BITTNER, 1892, p. 24","Type_species":"*. haueri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex, dorsal valve with anterior sulcus, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak acute, beak ridges angular, foramen small, possibly submesothyrid, dental plates weak, dorsal septum with possible septalium, loop acuminate with short, descending lamellae and long, vertical plate, directed ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Europe (Dinarids)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1346, 4a-e. *D. haueri, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2, e, loop, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1346. dielasmatidae (p. 2036-2038).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-395.jpg?height=1877&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qinglongia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Heterelasminidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Qinglongia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qinglongia LIAO, 1980, p. 270","Type_species":"Q. zhongyingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chuanyanella Zhu, Zeng, & Chen in Zeng, Chen, & Chang, 1986, p. 61 (type, C. chuanyanensis, OD), Zhongliangshania Shen, He, & ZhU, 1992, p. 191 (type, Z. zhongliangshanensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Chuanyanella, Zhongliangshania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongate oval, foramen permesothyrid, anterior commissure bisulcate, plicate, hinge plates divided, crural plates strong, supporting descending lamellae, transverse band of loop recurved strongly","Beginning_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 1347,3a\u2013c. *Q. zhongyingensis, Zhongying, Qinglong; dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, NIGP 43801, \u00d72 (Liao, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loriolithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Loriolithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loriolithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1968, p. 176","Type_species":"Terebratula russillensis De LORIOL, 1868, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Sellithyris, but less strongly folded, cardinal process bilobed, outer hinge plates narrow, loop short, thin, transverse band narrow, rarely preserved. Lower Cretaceous: Europe, Morocco, northwestern Caucasus, Kazakstan, Turkmenia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, northwestern Caucasus, Kazakstan, Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 6a-c. * L. russillensis (de Loriol), Barremian, Switzerland, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, CB 1520, X1 (de Loriol, 1868), Fig. 1364, 6d-g. L. valdensis de Loriol, Valanginian, Switzerland, d-f, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, g, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"de Loriol, 1868, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).\nfig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Collinithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Collinithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Collinithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1981, p. 722","Type_species":"Terebratula collinaria D'ORBIGNY, 1849 in 1849-1852, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular or subpentagonal, anterior commissure uniplicate to gently sulciplicate, beak suberect, symphytium exposed, hinge plates initially horizontal, becoming gently concave, cuneate, not clearly differentiated from socket ridges, loop lamellae thin, transverse band low arched.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian-Aptian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1366, 3a-d. * C. collinaria (d\u2019Orbigny), Neocomian, France, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Smirnova, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Cyrtothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtothyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 123","Type_species":"Terebratula depressa var. cyrta WALKER, 1868, p. 404, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Oval to subpentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium narrow, exposed, cardinal process small, loop wide, hinge plates ventrally concave, slightly clubbed, keeled.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Valanginian-Campanian)","Geography":"Mexico, Valanginian, Europe, Greenland, Aptian, Madagascar, ?Albian, South Africa (Zululand), Aptian-Campanian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1366, 2a-b. *C. cyrta (Walker), Aptian, England, dorsal view, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1366, 2c-e. C. uniplicata Walker, Aptian, England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH 67843, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).\nfig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoliothyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Neoliothyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neoliothyrina SAHNI, 1925, p. 375","Type_species":"Terebratula obesa Davidson, 1852a, p. 53, OD, non J. de C. Sowerby, 1823, p. 54, =N. obesa SAHNI, 1925, p. 375","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process small semiellipse, outer hinge plates narrow, concave, socket ridges, outer hinge plates, and crural bases forming narrow, U-shaped troughs, inner hinge plates well developed, may coalesce, transverse band broad, high arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1368, 2a-d. *N. obesa (Davidson), Senonian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, loop, X2 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1368. sellithyrididae (p. 2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-428.jpg?height=1120&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praelongithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Praelongithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praelongithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 134","Type_species":"* P. praelongiforma, OD, =Terebratula praelonga J. DE C. Sowerby in FITTON, 1836, p. 339, auctt., partim","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, becoming sulciplicate, beak long, suberect, foramen large, circular, permesothyrid, hinge plates in section ventrally concave, becoming V-shaped, clubbed, and anteriorly keeled, loop long, high arched.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Europe, Greenland, Asia, South Africa (Zululand), ?Madagascar, Iran, Albian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1368, 1a-d. *P. praelongiforma, Aptian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH BM67590, X1 (Middlemiss, 1959), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"Middlemiss, 1959, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1368. sellithyrididae (p. 2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-428.jpg?height=1120&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tropeothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Tropeothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tropeothyris SMIRNOVA, 1972, p. 69","Type_species":"T. kugusemi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval or rounded pentagonal, anterior commissure parasulcate, beak long, massive, suberect to incurved, beak ridges weak, symphytium high, exposed, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, transverse, hinge plates horizontal or concave in section, may be keeled, loop wide, short, transverse band strongly arched","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous (Berriasian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Western Europe, Turkmenia, Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1367, 3a-v. *T. kugusemi, Hauterivian, Mangyschlak, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU No. 16 060\/89, X1, d-v, serial transverse sections 0.00, 2.65, 2.85, 3.05, 3.75, 3.85, 4.25, 4.65, 5.15, 5.55, 6.15, 6.5, 6.85, 7.35, 7.95, 8.25, 8.8, 9.6, 9.75 mm from first section, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1367. sellithyrididae (p. 2066-2070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-427.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Weberithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Weberithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Weberithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Weberithyris SMIRNOVA, 1969b, p. 144","Type_species":"Rectithyris moisseevi WEBER, 1949, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate, beak high, erect, symphytium high, grooved, no pedicle collar, cardinal process small, concave, bilobed, hinge plates horizontal or slightly concave with obtuse margins, loop with thin branches, transverse band thin, rectimarginate, strongly arched. Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous: Crimea, Caucasus, Western Europe, Upper Jurassic.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Caucasus, Western Europe, Upper Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1372a-x. *W. moisseevi (Weber), Lower Cretaceous, Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d-w, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.8, 3.3, 4.0, 4.3, 4.8, 5.8, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, 7.2 mm from first section, approximately \u00d7 0.85, x, reconstruction of loop, \u00d7 1 (Smirnova, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1372. weberithyrididae (p. 2074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-433.jpg?height=1139&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loboidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Loboidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loboidothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 112, BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.","Type_species":"L. latovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dundrythyris Alm\u00e9ras, 1971, p. 188 (type, Terebratula perovalis J. de C. Sowerby, 1825 in 1823-1825, p. 51)","Synonyms":"Dundrythyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large, subcircular to elongate oval, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak large, short, foramen large, circular, commonly labiate, permesothyrid, symphytium usually hidden, pedicle collar short, cardinal process low, lobate, outer hinge plates short, narrowly triangular, dorsally attached to crural bases, crural processes anterior of midloop, loop triangular, 0.35 to 0.45 dorsal valve length, transverse band with low arch, flattened medially, terminal points fairly short","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1378, 4a-c. *L. latovalis, Aalenian, Dorset, England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BGS GSM 31976, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1378, 4d. L. perovalis (J. DE C. Sowerby), Bajocian, England, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"BGS GSM, \nMuir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1378. loboidothyrididae (p. 2082-2084).\nfig. 1378. loboidothyrididae (p. 2082-2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-441.jpg?height=1881&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-441.jpg?height=1881&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cheirothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Cheirothyropsidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cheirothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cheirothyropsis MAKRIDIN, 1964, p. 267","Type_species":"Terebratula pseudotrigonella TRAUTSCHOLD, 1877, p. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, ornament reticulate, four radial carinae on each valve, beak short, slightly incurved, foramen large, circular, mesothyrid, symphytium exposed, pedicle collar small, cardinal process bi- or trilobed, hinge plates divided, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with long flanges, transverse band strongly arched. Homeomorph of the zeilleriid Cheirothyris.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Russian Platform, Crimea, ?Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1382, 3 a- p. * C. pseudotrigonella (Trautschold), Russia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-0, serial transverse sections 2.0, 3.0, 3.3, 3.7, 4.5, 4.9, 6.5, 9.0, 9.1, 9.4, 10.2, 10.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1, p, loop reconstruction, X2 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1382. plectoconchidae and cheirothyropsidae (p. 2089-2096).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-448.jpg?height=1888&width=1301&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vladimirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Vladimirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vladimirella Popov, 1994, p. 106; nom. nov. pro Nalivkinella Popov in Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 23, non SOSHKINA , 1939","Type_species":"Terebratula retrocarinata Nalivkin, 1910, p. 19, OD, non Rothpletz, 1886, p. 101, =Nalivkinella nalivkini Popov in Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 23","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate to subpentagonal, anterior commissure slightly unisulcate or bisulcate, beak incurved, foramen large, epithyrid, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates delicate, directed laterally, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length, loop flanges long.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Russian Platform, Crimea, Caucasus, central Asia, Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1391, 1a-d. *V. nalivkini (Popov), Russia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, reconstruction of loop, X0.5 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1391. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2101-2102).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-459.jpg?height=1289&width=1153&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=270)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Morrisithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Morrisithyridinae","Genus":"Morrisithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Morrisithyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 131","Type_species":"Terebratula phillipsi Morris in Morris & DAVIDSON, 1847, p. 255, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate-pentagonal, anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate, beak long, narrow, labiate, foramen large, permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, excavated, teeth long, narrow, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates long, narrow, triangular, concave, loop triangular, 0.3 to 0.4 dorsal valve length, terminal points long, webbed, loop, transverse band, and terminal points variable. Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian): Europe, Russia, Caucasus, Crimea, Turkmenistan, ?South America.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian)","Geography":"Europe, Russia, Caucasus, Crimea, Turkmenistan, ?South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1392a-e. *M. phillipsi (Morris), Bajocian, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971), d, loop of young specimen, X1, e, loop of adult specimen, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1971, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1392. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2102).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-460.jpg?height=574&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Postepithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Postepithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Postepithyris Makridin in Licharew, Makridin, & RZHONSNITSKAYA, 1960, p. 294","Type_species":"Terebratula cincta COTTEAU, 1857, p. 137, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular, smooth, anterior commissure weakly sulciplicate, beak long, erect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, pedicle collar short, cardinal process semielliptical, outer hinge plates triangular, short, flatly concave, attached to dorsal part of crural base, loop an elongate triangle, about 0.5 dorsal valve length, terminal points very long, webbed, transverse band highly arched, with flattened bridge. Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian): Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, Russia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1399, 4a-s. *P. cincta (\u0421\u043e\u0442teau), France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-s, serial transverse sections 3.4, 4.0, 4.3, 5.2, 5.6, 7.5, 8.5, 9.1, 10.7, 11.9, 12.9, 13.4, 15.6, 16.5, 18.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMakridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1399. postepithyrididae (p. 2108-2110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-469.jpg?height=1881&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holcothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Holcothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holcothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 125 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"* H. angulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, finely capillate where exfoliated, subpentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate to paraplicate, beak suberect, foramen possibly permesothyrid, symphytium usually concealed, pedicle collar moderately long, cardinal process bilobate, medianly depressed, hinge plates concave ventrally, club shaped posteriorly, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"Burma, China, India, Europe, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1401, 7a-m. * H. angulata, Burma, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1 (MuirWood, 1965a), d-m, serial transverse sections of specimen, France, 2.1, 3.1, 3.5, 4.0, 5.2, 5.8, 7.6, 10.0, 10.5, 10.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965, \nAlm\u00e9ras, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kutchithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kutchithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kutchithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 113 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula acutiplicata KITCHIN, 1897, p. 9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Eurypthyris Ovtsharenko, 1983b, p. 117 (type, Terebratula euryptycha Kitchin, 1900, p. 25, OD)","Synonyms":"Eurypthyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, strongly ventribiconvex, smooth, or rarely finely capillate, with two broad plicae developing anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak short, incurved, attrite, foramen large, mesothyrid to epithyrid, symphytium hidden, cardinal process prominent, grooved, hinge plates wide, concave, flattening anteriorly, not well demarcated from inner socket ridges, crural bases low where attached to hinge plates, passing into high, thin, slightly flanged crural processes, hinge plates and crural processes clubbed, descending lamellae thin, loop not fully known, transverse band high arched, loop 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, with long terminal points.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic-Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Burma, India, Pakistan, China, Tajikistan, Russia, Europe, North Africa, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1402, 1a-o. *K. acutiplicata (Kitchin), Upper Jurassic, Kutch, India, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views of lectotype, GSI Type no. 6601, X1, e- o, serial transverse sections 3.4, 4.9, 5.45, 7.05, 8.9, 10.2, 11.85, 13.2, 13.75, 14.25, 14.55 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Mukherjee & others, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mukherjee & others, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1402. postepithyrididae (p. 2113-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-474.jpg?height=1891&width=1284&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moisseevia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Moisseevia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moisseevia MAKRIDIN, 1964, p. 243","Type_species":"M. sokolovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval, smooth, beak strongly curved, foramen small, pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process short, low, short dorsal septum (possibly myophragm), loop more than 0.3 dorsal valve length, with long flanges. Upper Jurassic: Europe, Russian Platform, Caucasus, Crimea.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, Russian Platform, Caucasus, Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1403, 3a-c. *M. sokolovi, Oxfordian, Russia, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1403. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-475.jpg?height=1249&width=1280&top_left_y=859&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neumayrithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neumayrithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neumayrithyris TOKUYAMA, 1958b, p. 120","Type_species":"N. torinosuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, suberect to incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen permesothyrid, cardinal process short and medianly depressed, commonly with a posterior umbonal cavity, hinge plates in section almost horizontal, merging into socket ridges, crural bases given off ventrally at an angle to the hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic, Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, Middle Jurassic, Crimea, Japan, Sarawak, Upper Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 1a-l. *N. torinosuensis, Upper Jurassic, Japan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, \u00d7 1, d-l, serial transverse sections 0.5, 1.05, 1.55, 1.95, 2.05, 2.2, 2.65, 2.75, 3.05 mm from first section, \u00d7 1 (Tokuyama, 1958b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tokuyama, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pygope":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Pygopidae","Subfamily":"Pygopinae","Genus":"Pygope","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pygope LINK, 1830, p. 451","Type_species":"Terebratula antinomia Catullo, 1827, p. 169 (pl. 5, r), SD Buckman, 1906a, p. 445, = Terebratula deltoidea Valenciennes in Lamarck, 1819, p. 250, T. diphya von BUCH, 1835, p. 88","Synonyms_with_authors":"Antinomia Catullo, 1851, p. 74 (type, Terebratula dilatata Catullo, 1851, p. 75), Pugites Bronn, 1838, p. 653, obj.","Synonyms":"Antinomia, Pugites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large, subtriangular to subrounded in outline, umbo erect to incurved, foramen oval, permesothyrid, beak ridges rounded, anterior commmissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, shell strongly sulcate in juvenile, developing two lateral lobes that come into contact and fuse in adult stage, enclosing median perforation, perforation central or posterior of center","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1421, 2am. * P. diphya (von Buch), Tithonian, Italy, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e-m, serial transverse sections 1.2, 4.0, 5.2, 5.6, 6.0, 6.8, 7.6, 8.0, 8.4 mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Dieni & Middlemiss, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dieni & Middlemiss, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1421. pygopidae (p. 2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-499.jpg?height=1882&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pygites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Pygopidae","Subfamily":"Pygopinae","Genus":"Pygites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pygites BUCKMAN, 1906a, p. 449","Type_species":"Terebratula diphyoides D'ORBIGNY, 1849 in 1849-1852, p. 87, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Pygope but ventral valve with sulcus in median fold posterior to perforation, dorsal sulcus with similar median fold, large central perforation in adult, cardinal process low, posterior umbonal cavity developed, hinge plates in section dorsally deflected, slightly concave ventrally, tapering, not well demarcated from long inner socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1421, 1a-e. *P. diphyoides (d\u2019Orbigny), Berriasian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, France, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), e, close up of loop, Czech Republic, Slovakia, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1421. pygopidae (p. 2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-499.jpg?height=1882&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triangope":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Pygopidae","Subfamily":"Triangopinae","Genus":"Triangope","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triangope Dieni & MIDDLEMISS, 1981, p. 39","Type_species":"Terebratula triangulus Valenciennes in LAMARCK, 1819, p. 250, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell triangular, beak suberect to incurved, foramen oval, permesothyrid, hinge plates slightly convex, crural bases given off dorsally from anterior ends of hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Europe, North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1422, 2a-d. *T. triangulus (Valenciennes), Tithonian, Italy, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Dieni & Middlemiss, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nDieni & Middlemiss, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1422. pygopidae (p. 2142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-500.jpg?height=960&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linguithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Nucleatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Linguithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linguithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 99 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula bifida ROTHPLETZ, 1886, p. 114, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, anterior commissure strongly unisulcate, beak incurved, beak ridges angular, epithyrid, symphytium narrow, cardinal process low, short, lobate, hinge plates in transverse section short, slightly concave ventrally, tapering, well demarcated from inner socket ridges, loop about 0.25 of valve length, transverse band slightly arched, rounded. Lower Jurassic-Middle Jurassic: Europe, North Africa, New Zealand, Lower Jurassic.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic-Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, New Zealand, Lower Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1423, 1a. *L. bifida (Rothpletz), Middle Inferior Oolite, Dorset, England, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), Fig. 1423, 1b-d. L. umbonata Buckman, Middle Inferior Oolite, England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).\nfig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebratulina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Terebratulina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebratulina D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 249","Type_species":"Anomia retusa Linnaeus, 1758, p. 701, OD, =A. caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1, 153, non LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 703","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, ovate to subpentagonal, slightly auriculate, valves biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, surface costellate, costellae may be enlarged or granular, with prominent nodules in young, umbo suberect, foramen incomplete, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar present, median septum and hinge plates absent, cardinal process small, socket ridges and crural bases fused, forming prominent ridge, hinge teeth without swollen bases, but with sulcus on inner face, crura converging, crural processes united to form ringlike loop, transverse band ventrally arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Holocene","Geography":"Europe, Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous, cosmopolitan, Paleogene-Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1425, 1a-i. *T. retusa (LinN\u00c9), Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, off Norway, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d-e, dorsal valve views, Gulf of Gascogne, France, X5, f-h, dorsal valve interiors showing loop ontogeny, Gulf of Gascogne, France, X5, i, dorsal valve interior showing adult loop, Gulf of Gascogne, France, X2 (Cooper, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMuir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1425. cancellothyrididae (p. 2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-505.jpg?height=662&width=1273&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bisulcina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Bisulcina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bisulcina TITOVA, 1977, p. 81","Type_species":"Terebratulina tunicata Vantschurov in Vantschurov & KALUGIN, 1966, p. 121, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded to oval, slightly biconvex, beak blunt, foramen large, deltidial plates disjunct, shell capillate (up to 100 ribs present), small tubercles prominent in posterior and lateral parts of shell. Pedicle collar present, hinge teeth narrow with denticulum, inner socket ridges more prominent than outer. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Danian): western Turkmenia, Western Europe, Upper Cretaceous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian),","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Danian),","Geography":"western Turkmenia, Western Europe, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1426, 2 a-u .* B. tunicata (Vantschurov), Danian, western Turkmenia, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X5, e-u, serial transverse sections 0.10, 0.25, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05, 1.35, 1.80, 2.00, 2.15, 2.30, 2.55, 2.70, 3.05, 3.25 ~mm from ventral umbo, X3 (Titova, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Titova, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1426. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-507.jpg?height=1793&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cruralina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Cruralina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cruralina SMIRNOVA, 1966, p. 32","Type_species":"C. cruralinica SMIRNOVA, 1966, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to pentagonal, anterior margin rectimarginate to uniplicate, costellate, beak suberect or slightly incurved, beak ridges sharp, with false interarea, foramen large, pedicle collar present. Cardinal process small, inner margins of hinge plates forming projections on valve floor that connect with crural bases, crural bases close together, separated by depressions from inner socket ridges that are low, parallel to, and almost united with valve floor, crura short, crural processes join to form single cross piece that is strongly curved ventrally, transverse band bent ventrally medianly at acute angle.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Europe, Lower Cretaceous, USA (Texas), Cuba, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1427, 2a-jj. *C. cruralinica, Lower Cretaceous, Crimea, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e-f, ventral and lateral views of reconstructed loop, \u00d72 (Smirnova, 1966); g\u2013jj, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9, 1.2,1.3, 1.32, 1.35, 1.37, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60,1.63, 1.68, 1.71, 1.81, 1.91, 2.01, 2.11, 2.21, 2.31,2.41, 2.51, 2.61, 2.71, 2.81, 2.91, 3.01 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d72 (Smirnova, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1427. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-508.jpg?height=143&width=1183&top_left_y=1367&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nucleatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cnismatocentridae","Subfamily":"Arcuatothyridinae","Genus":"Nucleatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nucleatina KATZ, 1962, p. 135","Type_species":"Terebratula nanclasi COQUAND, 1862, p. 237; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular to elongate pentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate; smooth or with faint radial ornament; beak short, suberect; foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium hidden. Cardinal process small, narrow, semielliptical; inner socket ridges well developed, incurved laterally; crural bases developing directly from lateral valve sides in front of socket ridges; loop short, wide posteriorly, narrow and truncated anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"France, Russia, Spain, central Asia, southern India, northern Africa, southern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1436, 1a\u2013g. *N. nanclasi (C OQUAND ), Santonian, Rouen, France; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013e, dorsal valves showing loops; f\u2013g, drawings of loops, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1436. cnismatocentridae (p. 2159-2161).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-518.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zeilleria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Zeilleria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zeilleria BAYLE , 1878, expl. pl. 9 (no page number)","Type_species":"Terebratula cornuta J. de C. SOWERBY , 1824 in 1823\u20131825, p. 66; SD DOUVILL\u00c9 , 1879, p. 275","Synonyms_with_authors":"Columellithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY & RADULOVIC 1984, p. 164 (type, C. novoselica TCHORSZHEVSKY & RADULOVIC, 1984, p. 165, OD);  Sinusella SUCICPROTIC, 1985, p. 26 (type, S. laskarevi, OD)","Synonyms":"Columellithyris, Sinusella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, subpentagonal, bilobate or quadrilobate outline, biconvex, becoming anteriorly lobate with no posterior dorsal sulcation, umbo suberect to much incurved, beak ridges clearly delimiting palintropes, foramen permesothyrid, commonly telate; pedicle collar absent, dental plates strong, slightly inwardly concave, ventrally divergent; cardinal process exceptionally represented by callus lobe, hinge plates ventrally de\ufb02ected and convex ventrally in section, septalium broadly U-shaped, commonly with anterior median groove, median septum triangular in cross section, extending about 0.3 valve length, loop almost reaching anterior, with spinose, descending branches, connection between anterior of loop and septal pillar early in ontogeny; dorsal adductor scars subcircular.   [Distinction of Columellithyris, based on the absence of inner hinge plates and the unresorbed remnant of a septal pillar, cannot be sustained, as a septalium is clearly present and a septal pillar remnant is present in the ontogeny of Zeilleria. Distinction based on three specimens and resting solely on the presence of a shallow sulcus in the anterior half of the ventral valve is not valid; Sinusella is therefore regarded as a synonym of Zeilleria.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic, Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic, Lower Jurassic\u2013Middle Jurassic:","Geography":"Europe (or cosmopolitan), Lower Jurassic.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1439, 1a\u2013d. *Z. cornuta (J. de C. SOWERBY), middle Lias, Somerset, England; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views; d, internal mold showing adductor scars, \u00d71.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).\u2014\u2014Fig . 1439, 1e. Z. quadri\ufb01da (VALEN CIENNES in L AMARCK ), middle Lias, France; dorsal view showing quadrilobation, \u00d70.7 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1439, 1f\u2013uu. Z. leckenbyi (DAVIDSON ex W ALKER MS), lower Aalenian, Gloucestershire, England; f, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, \u00d71.3 (Baker, 1972); g\u2013aa, serial transverse sections, early juvenile shell, 0.15, 0.36, 0.45, 0.54, 0.69, 0.75, 0.87, 0.99, 1.20, 1.29, 1.59, 1.74, 1.80, 1.86, 1.92, 2.04, 2.07, 2.10, 2.46, 2.79, 3.12 mm from umbo, \u00d74; bb\u2013uu, serial transverse sections, adult shell 1.4, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, 4.9, 5.6, 7.0, 7.7, 9.1, 9.8, 11.2, 11.9, 12.6, 15.4, 16.1, 16.8, 19.6, 20.3, 21.0, 21.7 mm from umbo, \u00d70.65 (adapted from Baker, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Aulacothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacothyris DOUVILL\u00c9, 1879, p. 277","Type_species":"Terebratula resupinata J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal in outline, strongly ventribiconvex or concavocarinate to planoconvex, anterior commissure normally unisulcate, umbo small, flattened, incurved with palintrope strongly demarcated, pedicle foramen permesothyrid, commonly telate, interior of shell commonly with much callus thickening, pedicle collar not observed, dental plates angled, subparallel to ventrally convergent, hinge plates convex ventrally, not clearly demarcated from inner socket ridges, septalium rounded V-shaped, median septum moderately high, triangular in cross section, about 0.5 valve length, connection between anterior of loop and septal pillar early in ontogeny, dorsal adductor scars elongate-oval, anterior scars about half size of posterior scars","Beginning_age":"Triassic, Lower Jurassic (lower Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Triassic, Lower Jurassic (lower Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"Europe, ?cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1440, 2a-d. * A. resupinata (J. Sowerby), Pliensbachian, Somerset, England, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, dorsal valve interior mold showing adductor scars, X1.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1440. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-524.jpg?height=1867&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cincta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Cincta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cincta QUENSTEDT, 1868 in 1868-1871, p. 25","Type_species":"Terebratula numismalis Valenciennes in Lamarck, 1819, p. 249, SD DALL, 1877a, p. 20","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cinctopsis Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1985, p. 45 (type, C. luka, OD)","Synonyms":"Cinctopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to pentagonal in outline, growth lines prominent, weakly biconvex, anteriorly lobate, umbo acute, suberect, beak ridges short, foramen minute mesothyrid, dental plates angled, ventrally convergent, commonly embedded in callus, hinge plates slightly ventrally inclined, septalium rounded V-shaped becoming deep U-shaped, median septum triangular in cross section, extending about 0.3 valve length, dorsal adductor scars elongate-oval, tapering posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)-Middle Jurassic (lower Bajocian)","Geography":"Europe (?cosmopolitan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1439, 3a-c. *C. numismalis (Valenciennes), Pliensbachian, France, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1439, 3d. C. pernumismalis Buckman, England, internal mold showing dorsal adductor scars and vascular trunks, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1439. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).\nfig. 1439. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-523.jpg?height=1940&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-523.jpg?height=1940&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":45,"ending_date":169.67,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fimbriothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Fimbriothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fimbriothyris EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 273","Type_species":"Terebratula guerangeri DESLONGCHAMPS, 1856a, p. 304, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal in outline and laterally compressed, equally biconvex, without median fold or sulcus, umbo suberect, with long, subangular beak ridges delimiting narrow palintropes, foramen permesothyrid, telate, symphytium narrow, anterior half of shell costate medianly, costae simple, subparallel, rare on lateral slopes, dental plates long, slender, subparallel, inner socket ridges and hinge plates convex ventrally, septalium deep posteriorly, becoming broad, shallow, U-shaped, septalial plates incompletely fused, leaving small cavity below septalium, median septum bladelike, becoming acutely triangular in cross section anteriorly, extending only about 0.3 of valve length.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Europe, ?Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1441, 1 a-d. *F guerangeri (Deslongchamps), Sarthe, France, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1441. zeilleriidae (p. 2167-2170).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-526.jpg?height=1847&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":188.55,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Irenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Irenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Irenothyris POJARISKAJA, 1966, p. 27","Type_species":"Zeilleria guldaraensis MOISSEEV, 1944, p. 60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, subtrigonal or rounded in outline, becoming anteriorly lobate or metacarinate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo acute, strongly incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen mesothyrid to epithyrid, pedicle collar present, hinge teeth short, thick, with weakly developed denticulum, dental plates slender, outer hinge plates ventrally concave in juveniles, forming troughlike structure but in adults almost planar due to secondary thickening combined with ventrally convex crural plates to form T-shaped septalium, median septum thin, high, extending about 0.5 valve length, loop long, ascending elements relatively wide, dorsal adductor scars elongate, pyriform, close to septum, mantle canals parallel","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Russia, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1440, 3a-c. * I. guldaraensis (Moisseev), Gusapski region, River Guldara, Russia, a-b, dorsal, lateral views, X1 (Moisseev, 1944), c, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X1.5 (Pojariskaja, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Moisseev, 1944, \nPojariskaja, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1440. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-524.jpg?height=1867&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Keratothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Keratothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Keratothyris TULUWEIT, 1965, p. 76","Type_species":"Terebratula cor LAMARCK, 1819, p. 249, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spinulothyris Antostschenko, 1973, p. 112 (type, S. patilensis Antostschenko, 1973, p. 113, OD)","Synonyms":"Spinulothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal to incipiently bilobate in outline, biconvex to slightly globose, anterior commissure paraplicate to rectimarginate or weakly unisulcate, lobate, umbo broad, erect to incurved, with clearly delimited palintropes, foramen mesothyrid, commonly telate, inner socket ridges dorsally deflected, septalium open V-shaped, becoming U-shaped anteriorly, median septum moderately high, lateral umbonal cavities with thick apical callus, connection between anterior of loop and septal pillar early in ontogeny","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Toarcian)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Crimea, Caucasus, Yugoslav Carpatho-Balkan arch, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1441, 4a-c. *K. cor (Lamarck), Pliensbachian, Echte, northwestern Germany, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1 (Tuluweit, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tuluweit, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1441. zeilleriidae (p. 2167-2170).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-526.jpg?height=1847&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Epicyrta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Epicyrta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Epicyrta EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 275","Type_species":"Terebratula eugenii von Buch in DAVIDSON, 1850a, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate-subpentagonal in outline, dorsiconvex, ventral valve depressed-convex with deep, median sulcus, anterior commissure dorsally arched, umbo suberect, flattened, beak ridges persistent in both valves, ventral beak ridges delimiting flattened palintropes, extending almost to anterolateral margin, dorsal beak ridges more rounded, pedicle foramen apical, telate, shell with rarely preserved, \ufb01ne capillation; dental plates subparallel, becoming ventrally convergent; inner socket ridges ventrally de\ufb02ected at high angle, hinge plates keeled, septalium deep, angular, U-shaped, median septum bladelike, high posteriorly, low anteriorly, less than 0.5 valve length, loop spines not observed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1447,4a\u2013f. *E. eugenii (VON BUCH), middle Lias, France; a\u2013e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, \u00d71; f, umbo enlarged, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ornithella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Ornithella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ornithella EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 273","Type_species":"Terebratula ornithocephala J. SOWERBY, 1815 in 1812-1815, p. 227, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Microthyridina Schuchert & LeVene, 1929b, p. 120 (type, Terebratulites lagenalis von Schlotheim, 1820, p. 284), nom. nov. pro Microthyris Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1884, p. 274, non Lederer, 1863","Synonyms":"Microthyridina, Microthyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-oval to pentagonal in outline, lobate anteriorly, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo suberect to incurved with rounded beak ridges, pedicle foramen permesothyrid, pedicle collar rarely observed, dental plates inwardly concave to angled, converging ventrally, embedded in callus in adult, hinge plates slightly deflected ventrally, becoming gently undulating, septalium flattening anteriorly to become convex median ridge, median septum acutely triangular in cross section, less than 0.5 valve length, umbonal cavities commonly filled with callus, connection between anterior of loop and septal pillar early in ontogeny, dorsal adductor scars elongate, set at slight angle to septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Callovian), ?Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)-Upper Jurassic (Callovian), ?Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Bajocian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1448, 3a-d. *O*. ornithocephala (J. Sowerby), Bathonian, lower Cornbrash, ?Somerset, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d7 1.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b), d, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, \u00d7 1.5 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1448. zeilleriidae (p. 2180-2183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-539.jpg?height=1157&width=1275&top_left_y=947&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eudesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Eudesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eudesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eudesia KING, 1850, p. 144","Type_species":"Terebratula orbicularis J de C. Sowerby, 1826 in 1826-1829, p. 68, OD, = T. cardium Valenciennes in LAMARCK, 1819, p. 255","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongate-oval in outline, umbo suberect to incurved, concealing deltidial plates, dental plates commonly enveloped in callus ventrally, hinge plates slightly convex ventrally, cardinal plate keeled, median septum high posteriorly, acutely triangular in cross section, extending about 0.5 valve length, loop transverse band with posteriorly directed carinae","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, Bathonian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, Africa, Serbia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1452, 3a-u. *E. cardium (Valenciennes), Bathonian, Ranville, France, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, X1 (Cooper, 1989), f-u, serial transverse sections, distances unknown, X1.2 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1989, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1452. eudesiidae (p. 2186-2188).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-545.jpg?height=1862&width=1285&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kingena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Kingena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kingena DAVIDSON, 1852a, p. 40","Type_species":"Terebratula lima DEFRANCE, 1828b, p. 156, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kingia Schloenbach, 1866, p. 296, nom. null., non Theobald, 1910, nec Malloch, 1921","Synonyms":"Kingia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, biconvex, elongate-oval to pentagonal, rectimarginate to faintly uniplicate to ligate, shell ornament granular, beak short, suberect, foramen subcircular, permesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar sessile. Cardinal process small, transversely oval myophore, septalium broad, shallow, supported by long, thin, moderately high median septum, loop bilacunar, may be thickened. Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous: Europe, Australasia, India.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Australasia, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1454, 3a-c. ^*K. lima (Defrance), Upper Cretaceous, England, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views of exterior of neotype, NHM B79709, X2 (Owen, 1970), Fig. 1454, 3d-e. K. mesembrina (Etheridge), Upper Cretaceous, Western Australia, ventral and anterior views of partially complete loop showing strong, mediovertical connecting bands, X9 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).\nfig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dictyothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Dictyothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dictyothyropsis BARCZYO, 1969, p. 66","Type_species":"Terebratulites loricatus SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 270, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, pentagonal in outline, costellae fine, dichotomous, anterior commissure parasulcate, beak short, massive, erect, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Pedicle foramen large, round, mesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal area wide and flat, teeth and dental plates long, massive, smooth. Cardinal process small, poorly developed, fused with hinge plates and median septum, loop bilacunar with mediovertical connecting band and broad hood.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1455, 2a-e. *D. loricata (Schlotheim), Poland, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of exterior, \u00d7 2.5, e, detail of umbonal region, \u00d7 6 (Barczyk, 1969).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1455, 2f-dd. *D. roemeri (Rollier), Poland, serial transverse sections 0.0, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 4.1, 4.4, 4.9, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 5.7, 6.0, 6.2, 6.4, 6.7, 7.1, 7.7, 8.0, 8.9 mm from first section, \u00d7 1 (adapted from Barczyk, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barczyk, 1969, \nadapted from Barczyk, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1455. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).\nfig. 1455. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-549.jpg?height=1716&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=208)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-549.jpg?height=1716&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zittelina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Zittelina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zittelina ROLLIER, 1919, p. 368","Type_species":"Z. orbis (QUENSTEDT), 1858, p. 639, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, subpentagonal to subquadrate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to incipiently unisulcate, beak suberect to slightly incurved, beak ridges indistinct, foramen small, circular, permesothyrid. Pedicle collar present. Cardinalia with small, central, concave hinge platform, septum thin, loop diploform, with short descending branches fringed with long spines, and large hood with annular flutings, laterally angled and anteriorly produced into gracefully curved projections.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic, ?Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic, ?Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic, ?Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Western Asia, Europe, ?Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1455, 4a-u. *Z. orbis (Quenstedt), Upper Jurassic, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of exterior, X2 (Owen, 1970), d-e, ventral and lateral views of loop, \u00d74 (adapted from Zittel, 1870); f\u2013u, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, 3.3, 3.8, 4.0 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71 (Owen, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1455. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-549.jpg?height=1716&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Belothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Ecnomiosinae","Genus":"Belothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Belothyris S MIRNOVA , 1960, p. 117","Type_species":"B. plana SMIRNOVA, 1960, p. 118; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Possible junior synonym of Dzirulina NUTSUBIDZE, 1945.]","Synonyms":"Dzirulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subpentagonal to elongate-oval, smooth, biconvex, ligate; anterior margin rectimarginate, beak low, incurved, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates gently diverging, curved, teeth massive with distinct denticulum. Hinge plates almost fused with inner socket ridges, septalium deep, broadly cup shaped, \ufb02attened anteriorly; loop mediovertical.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Georgia (Crimea, Caucasus, Daghestan), Western Europe.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1456,3a\u2013s. *B. plana; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of exterior of holotype, MGU 784\/19, \u00d71 (Smirnova, 1990a); d\u2013r, serial transverse sections 0.25, 0.40, 1.4, 1.5, 2.4, 2.7, 3.3, 4.3, 4.7, 5.0, 5.1, 5.45, 5.8, 6.5, 8.3 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d71 (adapted from Smirnova, 1990a); s, loop reconstruction, \u00d71.3 (adapted from Smirnova, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1456. kingenidae (p. 2192-2194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-551.jpg?height=1881&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hynniphoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Babukellinae","Genus":"Hynniphoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hynniphoria SUESS, 1859 in 1858-1859, p. 44","Type_species":"H. globularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, globose, smooth, broadly uniplicate, beak low, erect to incurved, beak ridges indistinct, deltidial structures small and obscure, foramen very small. Ventral interior with dental plates and stout, apparently composite, median septal structure that projects free anteriorly as curved and thickening, blade- or scimitar-like structure, extending dorsally into shell cavity. Dorsal interior bearing stout inner socket ridges, median septum short, low, diminishing rapidly anteriorly, loop possibly diploform. Loop and other internal features imperfectly known.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"central Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1460, 3a-e. *H. globularis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d, lateral view of shell interior, reconstruction, e, oblique view of loop, reconstruction, approximately X10 (Suess, 1858 in 1858-1859).","Museum_or_author_information":"Suess, 1858","figure_index":"fig. 1460. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2197).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-557.jpg?height=118&width=1247&top_left_y=1852&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psilothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliopsinae","Genus":"Psilothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psilothyris COOPER, 1955b, p. 10","Type_species":"P. occidentalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tamarella Owen, 1965, p. 57 (type, Terebratula tamarindus J. de C. Sowerby in Fitton, 1836, p. 338)","Synonyms":"Tamarella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, smooth, biconvex, ovate to subpentagonal, rectimarginate to uniplicate, umbo erect, foramen small to large, round, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct, dental plates bladelike, cardinal process small, hinge plates fused, medianly concave, median septum short, slender, extending about 0.3 valve length, hinge plates fused with septum posteriorly to form septalium but may be free of hinge plates anteriorly, loop teloform, with short crura and long crural processes","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"North America, Europe, Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1466, 1a-e. *P. occidentalis, Lower Cretaceous, Arizona, USA, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views of holotype, USNM 124191, X2 (Cooper, 1955b), e, posterior part of interior of conjoined valves showing dental plates, medianly fused inner hinge plates with upturned edges, crura, and partially descending loop branches, X4 (Cooper, 1955b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1955, \nCooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 1466. laqueidae (p. 2206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-566.jpg?height=1185&width=1277&top_left_y=883&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dalligas":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Dalligadinae","Genus":"Dalligas","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dalligas STEINICH, 1968b, p. 336","Type_species":"D. nobilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute to small, thin-shelled, elongate-oval to subcircular, weakly capillate, hinge line straight, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, foramen large, hypothyrid. Cardinal process not differentiated, cardinalia consisting of sessile septalium, crura absent, loop axial with laterally directed septal flanges on posteroventral edge of high septal pillar. Lophophore spiculate.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1462, 3a-e. *D. nobilis, Germany, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 10 (Steinich, 1968), e, lateral oblique view of dorsal interior, \u00d7 10 (Steinich, 1968b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1968, \nSteinich, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1462. laqueidae (p. 2201-2209).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-560.jpg?height=1677&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gemmarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Gemmarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gemmarcula ELLIOTT, 1947, p. 145","Type_species":"G. aurea, OD, = Terebratula truncata J. de C. Sowerby, 1826 in 1826-1829, p. 21, non Anomia truncata LINNAEUS, 1767, p. 1, 152","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trifidarcula Elliott, 1959, p. 147 (type, Terebratella trifida Meyer, 1864, p. 167, OD)","Synonyms":"Trifidarcula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, strophic, ovate to subquadrate, costate, rectimarginate to parasulcate, umbo short, suberect, attrite, foramen large, submesothyrid, symphytium present. Dental plates short, ventrally divergent, pedicle collar present. Cardinalia strong, buttressed by median septum, cardinal process transverse and countersunk in shallow hinge trough, adult loop trabecular, with small flanges extending laterally from transverse band, loop ontogeny similar to Terebratalia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, North America, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 1a-d. *G. aurea, Lower Cretaceous, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views of holotype, BMNH BB 9251, X2 (new), d, dorsal valve interior, X6.5 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ismenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Ismenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ismenia KING, 1850, p. 142","Type_species":"Terebratulites pectunculoides von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 271, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, biconvex, with about 5 prominent plicae on each valve, beak low, suberect, attrite, foramen large, rounded, deltidial plates small, hinge line nearly strophic. Inner socket ridges prominent, inner hinge plates buttressed by median septum to form small septalium, cardinal process transverse, loop trabecular, anteriorly spinose.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1471ad. *I. pectunculoides (Von Schlotheim), Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977), d, dorsal interior showing loop, reconstructed, X3 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1471. terebrataliidae (p. 2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-573.jpg?height=534&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dereta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Trigonoseminae","Genus":"Dereta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dereta ELLIOTT, 1959, p. 147","Type_species":"Terebratula pectita J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular, strongly biconvex, costate, anterior commissure unisulcate, foramen round to oval, mesothyrid, beak suberect, beak ridges angular, lateral areas smooth, bordering symphytium. Pedicle collar present, median ridge in ventral umbonal area, dental lamellae strong. Cardinal platform small, thick, cardinal process high, narrow, pillarlike, hinge plates fused anteriorly and supported by high median septum, adult loop possibly trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1472, 3a-c. *D. pectita (Sowerby), England, dorsal valve, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebrirostra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Trigonoseminae","Genus":"Terebrirostra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebrirostra D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 269","Type_species":"Terebratula lyra J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lyra Cumberland in J. Sowerby, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 84, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Lyra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, ornament of wavy radial costellae, dorsal valve elongate-oval to subtrigonal in outline, ventral valve very elongate, suberect beak, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly unisulcate, beak ridges angular, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates extending whole length of umbo, anteriorly curved and uniting with lateral margin. Cardinalia with large, triangular sockets, central hinge trough deep, cardinal process large, trilobed, median septum long, thin, extending anteriorly from cardinalia, adult loop teloform, long, thin.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous","Geography":"Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1472, 2a-b. *T. lyra (Sowerby), England, lateral and dorsal views of exterior, X1.5 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1934)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1472, 2c. T. incurvirostrum Lamplugh & Walker, England, dorsal valve interior, X2.5 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1934, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).\nfig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megathiris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Megathyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Megathiris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megathiris D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 269","Type_species":"Anomia detruncata GMELIN, 1790, p. 3, 347, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Megathyris Bronn, 1848, p. 244, nom. van., Argyope Davidson, 1850a, p. 65, obj., non SAVIGNY, 1826","Synonyms":"Megathyris, Argyope","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, broadly transverse, hinge line straight, ventribiconvex, multiplicate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, beak short, attrite, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Hinge teeth small, elongate, pedicle collar supported by long, narrow median septum and 2 subdued lateral septa extending almost to anterior margin. Cardinal process small, transverse, grooved, cardinalia with low hinge platform uniting 2 prominent socket ridges, crura short, widely separated, crural processes prominent, horizontal, pointed, median septum very long, narrow, high, flanked in anterior part of shell by 2 lateral septa reaching to near middle of dorsal valve, loop of 2 slender, arcuate descending branches free only near crura, attached to base of crura, valve floor, and anterior extremities of lateral septa and median septum, lophophore attached to dorsal mantle, ptycholophous, rarely weakly spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)-Holocene","Geography":"England, France, Belgium, Campanian-Maastrichtian, Italy, Eocene, Germany, Oligocene, Italy, Poland, Miocene, Europe, Pliocene, Mediterranean, Channel Islands, Portugal, Madeira, Algeria, France, Italy, Greece, Israel, Ghana (3-260 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1473, 3a-e. *M. detruncata (Gmelin), Holocene, Mediterranean, a-b, dorsal and ventral valve views, c, interior of dorsal valve, X5.4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d-e, interior of dorsal and ventral valves, X12 (Logan, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nLogan, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1473. megathyrididae (p. 2217-2221).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-576.jpg?height=1579&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Torospirifer)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"B. (Torospirifer)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Torosospirifer) G OURVENNEC , 1989, p. 158","Type_species":"Spirifer Rousseau ROUAULT, 1846, p. 322; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse with acute to rounded cardinal angles; dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus, with large, deeply impressed, ventral diductor muscle \ufb01eld; crural plates present, occasionally buried in umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213,5a\u2013d. *B. (T.) rousseaui (ROUAULT), Pragian, France; a\u2013b, neotype, dorsal and ventral views of internal molds, \u00d71.2 (Gourvennec, 1989); c, neotype, lateral view of internal mold, \u00d71.2 (new); d, microornament, \u00d715 (Gourvennec, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Cryptonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptonella HALL, 1861, p. 101","Type_species":"Terebratula rectirostra Hall, 1860, p. 88, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 861","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to elongate, ventribiconvex, smooth or anteriorly faintly plicate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, foramen submesothyrid, dental plates short to obsolescent, muscle field well impressed, free, perforate or imperforate hinge plate extending unsupported between socket plates, adult loop teloform (cryptonelliform)","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Devonian-Upper Devonian","Geography":"North America, South America, Europe, ?New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 6a-c. *C*. rectirostra (Hall), Middle Devonian, New York, USA, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, AMNH FI 25373, \u00d71 (new), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1340, 6d. C. planirostra (Hall), Middle Devonian, New York, ventral view of loop, \u00d72 (Cloud, 1942)","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).\nfig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orophomesorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Orophomesorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orophomesorhynchus SARTENAER, 2001, p. 203","Type_species":"Terebratula huotina de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal outline, strongly dorsibiconvex profile, ventral beak erect and projecting, strong fold and sulcus arising at the umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid with a rounded top, and dentate, costae strong, simple, regular, and angular with rounded crests, starting near the beaks, some parietal costae, numerous, narrow, angular lateral costae, dental plates short and convergent ventrally, umbonal cavities narrow, teeth short and stout, septalium and dorsal median septum lacking, hinge plates thick posteriorly, becoming thinner and almost meeting anteriorly, crural bases subtriangular in section, crura subtriangular in section proximally, becoming crescentic distally with a convex surface dorsal","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"European Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1802, 2a-k. *O. huotinus (de Verneuil), Zadonsk beds, Horizon, Middle and Late Palmatolepis triangularis and crepida Zones, town of Zadonsk, left bank of River Don, Central Devonian Field, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (de Verneuil, 1845), c-k, topotype, serial sections 1.15, 1.5, 2.2, 2.6, 3.1, 3.4, 4.05, 4.4, 5.25 mm from posterior, x1.6 (Sartenaer, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"de Verneuil, 1845, \nSartenaer, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1802. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2703-2705).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-434.jpg?height=315&width=965&top_left_y=1751&top_left_x=526)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Porthmorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Porthmorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porthmorhynchus Sartenaer, 2001, p. 200, Hypselororhynchus SARTENAER, 2001, p. 199","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ferquensis GOSSELET, 1887, p. 199, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hypselororhynchus Sartenaer, 2001, p. 199 (type, Ripidiorhynchus farsani Brice in Brice & Farsan, 1977, p. 227, OD)","Synonyms":"Hypselororhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile. Ventral beak suberect to erect. Fold and sulcus strong, extending from near beaks, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoidal, dentate. Costae strong, simple, angular with rounded crests, arising at beaks, parietal costae rarely present. Dental plates vertical, subparallel, short, umbonal cavities distinct, teeth stout. Dorsal median septum short, low, hinge plates separated by short, moderately deep septalium, cover plate present anteriorly, crura triangular in cross section proximally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Iran, Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1802, 3a-k. *P. ferquensis (Gosselet), middle Frasnian, Boulonnais, northern France, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Massif d'Hestrud, Hestrud, x1 (Gosselet, 1887), d, lectotype, ventral view, Calcaire de Ferques, Ferques, x1, e-k, paratype, serial sections 0.65, 1.15, 1.4, 1.55, 1.75, 1.9, 2.1 mm from posterior, Calcaire de Ferques, Ferques, x3 (Brice & Meats, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gosselet, 1887, \nBrice & Meats, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1802. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2703-2705).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-434.jpg?height=315&width=965&top_left_y=1751&top_left_x=526)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ceresathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Ceresathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ceresathyris Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & VAN\u011aK, 1998, p. 89","Type_species":"Terebratula ceres BARRANDE, 1847, p. 395, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"May be synonymous with Athyris","Synonyms":"Athyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex shells of subpentagonal to elongated elliptical outline, maximum width at midvalve, with numerous (up to 40 in a specimen 15 mm long), evenly spaced, short growth lamellae, with shallow ventral sulcus and low dorsal fold with or without shallow median groove, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, ventral beak moderately to strongly incurved, with small, circular foramen in permesothyridid position, delthyrium open, obscured by dorsal beak, shell thick in umbonal region, dental plates obscured by callus, free only anteriorly, subparallel to slightly convergent ventrally, lateral apical cavities very short, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, cardinalia thick posteriorly, dental sockets poorly developed anteriorly, cardinal flanges absent, hinge plate short, apically perforated by large foramen, slightly convex ventrally, without dorsal septum or myophragm, spiral cones laterally directed, jugum unknown.   [This genus resembles Athyris M\u2019cOy externally, but the umbonal region is thick shelled in both valves, dental plates are subparallel to slightly convex ventrally, obscured by callus, free only anteriorly, and reportedly without ventral foramen, but it seems to be present in some of h avl\u00ed \u010de K \u2019 s illustrations (e.g., h avl\u00ed \u010de K in havl\u00ed\u010deK & van\u011bK, 1998, pl. 8,12a). It differs from Leptathyris S iehl in its hinge plate being slightly convex ventrally as in some Pachyplax a lvare Z & b runt O n , from which Ceresathyris differs in growth lamellae morphology and ventral interior. The lack of information on the brachiojugal system makes impossible its comparison with those developed by other athryridid genera. May be synonymous with Athyris. ]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1831, 2a-l. * C. ceres (Barrande), Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, Prague Basin, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH 12123a, \u00d72 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, photographs courtesy of the late V . Havl\u00ed\u010dek), d-l, transverse serial sections 13.7, 13.5, 13.0, 12.7, 12.6, 11.1, 11.6, 11.8, 12.2 mm from anterior margin of shell (adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1831. athyrididae (p. 2742-2744).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-473.jpg?height=226&width=1096&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cammerista":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Cammerista","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cammerista Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, p. 85, Terebratula calypso BARRANDE, 1847, pl. 16, 10","Type_species":"Terebratula calypso BARRANDE, 1847, pl. 16, 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongate oval in outline, longer than wide, subequally biconvex, smooth but for few growth lines and low, rounded costellae, present only on anterior half, rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate anterior commissure, ventral beak moderately incurved, pierced by minute foramen, small, conjunct deltidial plates reportedly present, dental plates high, long, converging ventrally, reinforced by mystrochial plates, thin, gently convex shoelifter developing between dental plates, starting anterior of plates, septalium supported by high and thin median septum, spiralium and jugum unknown.   [Cammerista is similar to Dicamara but with mystrochial plates and lacking dorsal shoelifter. It differs from Dicamaropsis in its ventral shoelifter being relatively narrow, placed between ventrally converging dental plates, deeper septalium without middle knob, and lack of dorsal shoelifter. In Dicamaropsis the shoelifter supports ventrally parallel dental plates.   Lack of information on the brachiojugal system makes impossible its comparison with those developed by other meristelloid genera.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Llandovery, ?Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Llandovery, ?Ludlow), Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"North America (Oklahoma), Ludlow, ?Russia (Gorny Altai), Llandovery, Europe (Bohemia), Pragian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1844a-k. *C. calypso (Barrande), Pragian, Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, Prague Basin, Bohemia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, L 23898, x3.4, d-e, ventral, and lateral views, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH 10798a, x2.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, photographs courtesy of the late V. Havli\u010dek), f-k, transverse serial sections 12.8, 12.4, 12.0, 11.9, 11.4, 10.3 ~mm from anterior margin of shell (adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, \nadapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1844. meristidae (p. 2760-2761).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-491.jpg?height=681&width=1271&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iuxtathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Iuxtathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iuxtathyris Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9 & VAN\u011aK, 1998, p. 90","Type_species":"Terebratula vultur BARRANDE, 1847, p. 385, pl. 14, 4, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, equibiconvex, smooth shells with subquadrate to transversely elliptical outline, maximum width at midvalve, ventral beak short, incurved, closely appressed on dorsal umbo, weak dorsal fold and ventral sulcus starting near umbo, less commonly developed only anteriorly, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, tongue low, wide, trapezoidal, dental plates short, medially concave, dorsal valve with short, shallow septalium supported by high, long, bladelike septum, spiralia with up to 5 laterally directed whorls and reportedly with angular jugal saddle, with a sharp crest anteroventrally, without jugal stem.   [This rare genus has an unusual combina tion of dorsal internal characters including dorsal septalium, typically meristelloid; and jugum with jugal saddle, typically athyridoid. Jugal system known from few serial sections taken in only one specimen; jugal morphology requires further investigation. Presence of supported septalium suggests affinity with Meristelloidea.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1848a-l. *I. vultur (Barrande), Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, Prague Basin, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH 12777a, x2.3, d-l, transverse serial sections 13.9, 13.0, 12.0, 11.1, 10.6, 10.4, 10.1, 9.8, 9.7 mm from anterior margin of shell (adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, photographs courtesy of the late V. Havl\u00ed\u010dek).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1848. uncertain (p. 2763).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-496.jpg?height=1443&width=1274&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=241)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coveenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Hustediinae","Genus":"Coveenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coveenia ALVAREZ & BRUNTON, 2000, p. 821","Type_species":"*Retzia ulothrix de KonincK, 1843 in 1841\u20131844, p. 292; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized shells with subcircular to transversely oval outline and biconvex to dorsibiconvex profile, 7 to 11 strong costae on ventral valves and a median dorsal costa, forming a highly zigzag anterior commissure; fine pustulose to spinose microornament, frequently present; internally dorsal median septum and pedicle collar weak to absent; cardinalia lacking ligulate process, jugum without spines, jugal stem poorly developed or absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian\u2013Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe (including British Isles)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1852 a\u2013i. *C. ulothrix (de KOnincK), Ivorian, Tournaisian, Tournai, Belgium; transverse serial sections 1.4, 3.1, 3.7, 3.9, 5.1, 6.4, 6.7, 6.8, 7.7 mm from ventral umbo, BMNH B20147 (Alvarez & Brunton, 2000).   \u2014\u2014Fig. 1852 j\u2013z. C. tilsleia a lvareZ & bruntOn; j\u2013x, transverse serial sections 0.2, 0.7, 0.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 4.7, 5.2, 6.2, 6.4, 6.9 mm from ventral umbo, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Treak Cliff, Derbyshire, England, BD 10479; y\u2013z, ventral and lateral reconstruction of jugum (Alvarez & Brunton, 2000).   \u2014\u2014Fig. 1853 a\u2013g. C. tilsleia alvareZ & bruntOn; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Treak Cliff, Derbyshire, England, Tilsley collection, BD9701, \u00d72.2; d, detail of external microornamentation, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Alstonfield, Staffordshire, England, Davidson collection, B5388, \u00d7 10; e, interior of dorsal valve, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Carrich Lough, County Fermanagh, Ireland, BB63417, \u00d75; f\u2013g, cardinalia on posteroventral and anteroventral views, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Carrich Lough, County Fermanagh, Ireland, BB63417, \u00d7 43.5, \u00d7 37.6 (Alvarez & Brunton, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"Fig. 1852  and Fig. 1853","figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cisnerospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Cisnerospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cisnerospira MANCENIDO, 2004, p. 272","Type_species":"\"Spiriferina adscendens DESLONGCHAMPS, 1859, OD\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Mance\u00f1ido, M. O. 2004. Las \u201cespiriferinas\u201d del Jur\u00e1sico Inferior: una mirada retrospectiva a los estudios de Daniel Jim\u00e9nez de Cisneros. GeoTemas 7:269\u2013272 + Errata: 1-2 (2005).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Mediterranean Europe","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthotoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"Orthotomidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthotoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthotoma QUENSTEDT, 1869 in 1868-1871, p. 315","Type_species":"Terebratula heyseana Quenstedt, 1869, p. 315, non Dunker, 1847, =Orthotoma spinati Rau, 1905, p. 54, SD BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 96","Synonyms_with_authors":"Orthoidea Friren, 1876, p. 1 (type, O. liasina, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, becoming sulcoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, beak ridges angular, Cardinal process minute, projecting vertically as two small ears, hinge plates in transverse section ventrally convex, dorsally inclined, tapering, not differentiated from inner socket ridges, loop short (0.3 dorsal valve length) with low arched transverse band","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, China, ?Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1879, 2a-d. *O. spinati (R au ), Germany; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72; d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d7 2 (Muir-Wood, 1965).  \u2014\u2014FiG. 1879,2e\u2013o. O. quenstedti, Germany, serial transverse sections at 0.1 to 0.3 mm intervals, \u00d73 (Muir-Wood, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1879. uncertain and orthotomidae (p. 2803-2807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-533.jpg?height=169&width=1262&top_left_y=634&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trigonellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonellina BUCKMAN, 1907, p. 342","Type_species":"Terebratulites pectunculus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 272, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, shell thick, scaly, ornamented by several well-spaced, rounded, opposite carinae, foramen with conjunct deltidial plates, hinge line nearly strophic, small median septum in ventral umbo. Cardinalia with inner socket ridges prominent, cardinal process small, small cardinal platform buttressed by median septum extending to midvalve, loop small, diploform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1882, 2a-b. * T. pectunculus (von Schlotheim), Germany, a, dorsal view, b, drawing of dorsal valve interior, x4 (adapted from von Zittel, 1870).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nadapted from von Zittel, 1870","figure_index":"fig. 1882. zeilleriidae, uncertain, terebratellidae, and dallinidae (p. 2808-2810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-539.jpg?height=659&width=1260&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antigoniarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Antigoniarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antigoniarcula ELLIOTT, 1959, p. 146","Type_species":"Argiope perrieri EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1853, p. 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, alate, hinge line strophic, test costate and scaly, foramen large, deltidial plates narrow. Pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, hinge plates small, delimited by inner socket ridges, supported anteriorly by very short, thin median septum, crura thin and delicate, loop angular, apparently teloform, anteriorly produced into sharp points.   [The loop reconstruction is uncertain in this genus. ]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 1a-c. * A. perrieri (EudesDeslongChamps), France, a-b, dorsal and ventral valve views, x2, c, dorsal valve interior showing loop, reconstructed, x2 (Elliott, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magas":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Magas","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magas J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 39","Type_species":"Magas J. Sowerby, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 39 *M. pumilus (illustrated in FaUJas, 1798, pl. 26, 6), OD, = Terebratulites chitoniformis VON Schlotheim, 1813, p. 113 (see WIND, 1954, p. 79)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, planoconvex, unisulcate, beak strongly incurved, deltidial plates narrow, triangular, beak ridges sharp. Ventral interior with constricted beak area, hinge teeth with swollen bases, short, low median ridge tapering anteriorly and posteriorly with deep muscle scars. Cardinalia wide, inner socket ridges thick, sunken median cardinal platform with small cardinal process raised on this, septalium but tressing cardinalia and rising very high as anteriorly directed pillar, crura short, descending branches narrow, straight, broadly attached to septum beneath two posteriorly directed curved lamellae, loop annular, spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1884, 1a-e. * M. chitoniformis (vON Schlotheim), a-b, dorsal and lateral views, x2, c-d, interior views of ventral and dorsal valve with reconstructed loop, x4.2, e, lateral view of reconstructed loop, x2 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1884. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-543.jpg?height=1838&width=1272&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchora DALMAN, 1828, p. 135","Type_species":"Terebratula costata Nilsson, 1827, p. 37, OD, =Anomites costatus Wahlenberg, 1821, p. 62, Anomia pectinata LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 701","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, thick shelled, ventribiconvex, coarsely costate, unisulcate; foramen very large, small deltidial plates; hinge teeth large, widely separated, short, low median ridge; cardinalia thick, rounded, socket ridges thick and fused with cardinal platform; cardinal process a large, slightly raised median surface area on platform, hollows under cardinal platform beneath crural processes, median septum thin, supporting cardinalia, high posteriorly and extending to midvalve, loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"northwestern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1885, 1a-f. * R. pectinata (Linnaeus), Sweden, a-d, lectotype, exterior, interior, lateral, and anterior views of dorsal valve, Linnean Collection, Linnean Society of London, x1 (Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967), e-f, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967, \nElliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1885. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-544.jpg?height=1614&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchorina OEHLERT, 1887, p. 1326","Type_species":"Anomites spathulatus WAHLENBERG, 1821, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"smooth exterior, cardinalia with very wide concave outer hinge plates, marked crural bases with convex inner hinge plates arching over septum and meeting in median ridge, which runs back to cardinal process, loop similar to that of Magas","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"northwestern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 3. *R. spathulata (Wahlenberg), interior of dorsal valve, x5 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cardiarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order and Superfamily uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Cardiarinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cardiarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cardiarina COOPER, 1956b, p. 527","Type_species":"C. cordata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small with cordiform, emarginated outline and biconvex profile, Beak straight, projecting, foramen round, apical, symphytium flat elongate, Bisulcate with strong dorsal sulcus and weak ventral sulcus, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulcate, Surface smooth, impunctate, Dorsal parathyridia deep, Dental plates extending from foramen along margins of symphytium to support teeth and then laterally to valve margin, teeth narrow, elongate, with medially directed tips, Hinge plates undivided, notothyrial platform thick, sockets elongate, curved, outer socket ridges thin, inner socket ridges thick, high, crura possibly supporting loop, muscle fields poorly known","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"USA, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1889, 1 a-b . *C*. cordata, upper Magdalena Formation, Sacramento Mountains, Grapevine Canyon, New Mexico, USA, a-b, dorsal and oblique dorsolateral views of holotype, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 20, e-f, drawings of interior and lateral views of ventral valve showing symphytium, teeth, and long dental plates, \u00d7 20, g-h, interior and lateral views of dorsal valve showing parathyridium and cardinalia, \u00d7 20 (Cooper, 1956b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1889. cardiarinidae and tropidoleptidae (p. 2820-2821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-551.jpg?height=1253&width=1286&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Filispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Acrospiriferinae","Genus":"Filispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Filispirifer JANSEN, 2001b, p. 269","Type_species":"F. merzakhsaiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"5 to 15 ribs on each flank, those bordering sulcus often deflated, ornament capillate (with a low tendency to develop marginal spines), notothyrial platform poorly expressed, otherwise similar to Acrospirifer","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper lower Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lowermost Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper lower Pragian-lower lower Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Turkey","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1867, 5a-c. * F. merzakhsaiensis, Dra-Ebene, Morocco, holotype, a-b, dorsal, posterior views, x0.7, c, ornament, x4.9 (Jansen, 2001b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jansen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1867. hysterolitidae, acrospiriferidae, and cyrtinopsidae (p. 2789-2791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-520.jpg?height=1790&width=1286&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":17,"ending_date":407.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"}},"isSynonym":false}